P. Aceituno, R. Fuenzalida, R. , B. Mooney, H. A. Fuentes et al., Climate along the extratropical west coast of South America, in: Earth system responses to global change, pp.61-69, 1993.

R. Agnihotri, M. A. Altabet, T. Herbert, T. , and J. E. , Subdecadally resolved paleoceanography of the Peru margin during the last two millennia, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, vol.27, issue.3, pp.1-15, 2008.
DOI : 10.1029/2007GC001744

M. A. Altabet and R. Francois, Sedimentary nitrogen isotopic ratio as a recorder for surface ocean nitrate utilization, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.34, issue.1, pp.103-116, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/93GB03396

M. A. Altabet, C. Pilskaln, R. Thunell, C. Pride, D. Sigman et al., The nitrogen isotope biogeochemistry of sinking particles from the margin of the Eastern North Pacific, Deep-Sea Res, pp.655-679, 1999.

P. G. Appleby, Chronostratigraphic Techniques in Recent Sediments, Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/0-306-47669-X_9

A. Bakun, Coastal Ocean Upwelling, Science, vol.247, issue.4939, pp.198-201, 1990.
DOI : 10.1126/science.247.4939.198

A. Bakun, D. Field, A. Redondo-rodriguez, and S. J. Weeks, Greenhouse gas, upwelling-favorable winds, and the future of coastal ocean upwelling ecosystems, Global Change Biology, vol.5, issue.(13), pp.1213-1228, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02094.x

J. Bertaux, F. Fröhlich, and P. Iidefonse, Multicomponent analysis of FTIR spectra; quantification of amorphous and crystallized mineral phases in synthetic and natural sediments, Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol.68, issue.3, pp.440-447, 1998.
DOI : 10.2110/jsr.68.440

B. W. Bird, M. B. Abbott, M. Vuille, D. T. Rodbell, N. D. Stansell et al., A 2,300-year-long annually resolved record of the South American summer monsoon from the Peruvian Andes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.108, issue.21, pp.8583-8588, 2011.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1003719108

P. Böning, H. J. Brumsack, E. Bottcher, B. Schnetger, C. Kriete et al., Geochemistry of Peruvian near-surface sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.68, issue.21, pp.4429-4451, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2004.04.027

R. Bradley, PALEOCLIMATE:Enhanced: 1000 Years of Climate Change, Science, vol.288, issue.5470, pp.1353-1355, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.288.5470.1353

R. S. Bradley, M. K. Hughes, and H. F. Diaz, CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate in Medieval Time, Science, vol.302, issue.5644, pp.404-405, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1090372

A. J. Bratcher and B. S. Giese, Tropical Pacific decadal variability and global warming, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.10, issue.1, pp.10-1029, 1918.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL013657

A. J. Broccoli, K. A. Dahl, and R. J. Stouffer, Response of the ITCZ to Northern Hemisphere cooling, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, issue.4, pp.10-1029, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL024546

F. P. Chavez and M. Messié, A comparison of Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems, Progress in Oceanography, vol.83, issue.1-4, pp.80-96, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.07.032

F. P. Chavez, M. Messié, and J. T. Pennington, Marine Primary Production in Relation to Climate Variability and Change, Annual Review of Marine Science, vol.3, issue.1, pp.227-260, 2011.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163917

A. C. Clement, R. Seager, M. A. Cane, and S. E. Zebiak, An Ocean Dynamical Thermostat, Journal of Climate, vol.9, issue.9, pp.2190-2196, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2190:AODT>2.0.CO;2

K. M. Cobb, C. D. Charles, H. Cheng, and R. L. Edwards, El Ni??o/Southern Oscillation and tropical Pacific climate during the last millennium, Nature, vol.424, issue.6946, pp.271-276, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01779

D. Colodner, J. Sachs, G. Ravizza, K. Turekian, J. Edmond et al., The geochemical cycle of rhenium: a reconnaissance, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.117, issue.1-2, pp.205-221, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(93)90127-U

J. L. Conroy, A. Restrepo, J. T. Overpeck, M. Steinitz-kannan, J. E. Cole et al., Unprecedented recent warming of surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, Nature Geoscience, vol.18, issue.1, pp.46-50, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo390

J. L. Conroy, J. T. Overpeck, C. , and J. E. , El Niño/Southern Oscillation and changes in the zonal gradient of tropical Pacific sea surface temperature over the last 1.2 ka, PAGES News, pp.32-34, 2010.

J. Crusius, S. Calvert, T. Pedersen, and D. Sage, Rhenium and molybdenum enrichments in sediments as indicators of oxic, suboxic and sulfidic conditions of deposition, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.145, issue.1-4, pp.65-78, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00204-X

W. E. Dean, Y. Zheng, J. D. Ortiz, and A. Van-geen, Sediment Cd and Mo accumulation in the oxygen-minimum zone off western Baja California linked to global climate over the past 52 kyr, Paleoceanography, vol.18, issue.4, pp.10-1029, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2005PA001239

D. J. Demaster, The supply and accumulation of silica in the marine environment, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.45, issue.10, pp.1715-1732, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90006-5

D. Pol-holz, R. Ulloa, O. Dezileau, L. Kaiser, J. Lamy et al., Melting of the Patagonian Ice Sheet and deglacial perturbations of the nitrogen cycle in the eastern South Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.30, issue.23, pp.470410-1029, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL024477

V. Echevin, O. Aumont, J. Ledesma, and G. Flores, The seasonal cycle of surface chlorophyll in the Peruvian upwelling system: A modelling study, Progress in Oceanography, vol.79, issue.2-4, pp.167-176, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.026

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00387987

M. Falvey and R. D. Garreaud, Regional cooling in a warming world: Recent temperature trends in the southeast Pacific and along the west coast of subtropical South America, J. Geophys. Res, pp.10-1029, 1979.

R. D. Garreaud, M. Vuille, R. Compagnucci, and J. Marengo, Present-day South American climate, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.281, issue.3-4, pp.180-195, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.10.032

S. A. Glantz, Primer of Biostatistics, 2002.

N. E. Graham, C. M. Ammann, D. Fleitmann, K. M. Cobb, and J. Luterbacher, Support for global climate reorganization during the ???Medieval Climate Anomaly???, Climate Dynamics, vol.22, issue.3, pp.1217-1245, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-010-0914-z

D. Gutiérrez, A. Sifeddine, J. L. Reyss, G. Vargas, F. Velazco et al., Anoxic sediments off Central Peru record interannual to multidecadal changes of climate and upwelling ecosystem during the last two centuries, Advances in Geosciences, vol.6, pp.119-12510, 2006.
DOI : 10.5194/adgeo-6-119-2006

D. Gutiérrez, I. Bouloubassi, A. Sifeddine, S. Purca, K. Goubanova et al., Coastal cooling and increased productivity in the main upwelling zone off Peru since the mid-twentieth century, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, issue.3, p.760310, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2010GL046324

G. H. Haug, K. A. Hughen, D. M. Sigman, L. C. Peterson, and U. Rohl, Southward Migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone Through the Holocene, Science, vol.293, issue.5533, pp.1304-1308, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059725

J. Helly and L. Levin, Global distribution of naturally occurring marine hypoxia on continental margin, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.51, pp.1159-1168, 2004.

J. Karstensen and O. Ulloa, Peru???Chile Current System, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00599-3

M. Kienast, S. S. Kienast, S. E. Calvert, T. I. Eglinton, G. Mollenhauer et al., Eastern Pacific cooling and Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation, Nature, vol.2, issue.7113, pp.846-849, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05222

B. G. Koffman, K. J. Kreutz, D. J. Breton, E. J. Kane, D. A. Winski et al., Centennial-scale shifts in the position of the Southern Hemisphere westerly wind belt over the past millennium, Climate of the Past Discussions, vol.9, issue.3, pp.3125-317410, 2013.
DOI : 10.5194/cpd-9-3125-2013

A. Koutavas, J. Lynch-stieglitz, E. F. Diaz, and R. S. Bradley, Variability of the Marine ITCZ over the Eastern Pacific during the Past 30,000 Years, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4020-2944-8_13

A. Koutavas, J. Lynch-stieglitz, T. M. Marchitto, and J. P. Sachs, El Nino-Like Pattern in Ice Age Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature, Science, vol.297, issue.5579, pp.226-230, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1072376

E. Lafargue, J. Espitalié, F. Marquis, and D. Pillot, Rock-Eval 6 Applications in Hydrocarbon Exploration, Production, and Soil Contamination Studies, Revue de l'Institut Fran??ais du P??trole, vol.53, issue.4, pp.421-437, 1998.
DOI : 10.2516/ogst:1998036

H. H. Lamb, Climate, History and the Modern World, 1995.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203433652

F. Lamy, D. Hebbeln, U. Röhl, and G. Wefer, Holocene rainfall variability in southern Chile: a marine record of latitudinal shifts of the Southern Westerlies, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.185, issue.3-4, pp.369-382, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00381-2

L. Casimiro, W. S. Ronchail, J. Labat, D. Espinoza, J. C. Guyot et al., Basin-scale analysis of rainfall and runoff in Peru, Pacific, Titicaca and Amazonas drainages, pp.1-18, 1969.

S. Lee and S. B. Feldstein, Detecting Ozone- and Greenhouse Gas-Driven Wind Trends with Observational Data, Science, vol.339, issue.6119, pp.563-567, 2013.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1225154

J. Luo, W. Sasaki, and Y. Masumoto, Indian Ocean warming modulates Pacific climate change, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.109, issue.46, pp.18701-18706, 2012.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1210239109

M. C. Makou, T. I. Eglinton, D. W. Oppo, and K. A. Hughen, Postglacial changes in El Nino and La Nina behavior, Postglacial changes in El Niño and La Niña behavior, pp.43-46, 2010.
DOI : 10.1130/G30366.1

M. E. Mann, M. A. Cane, S. E. Zebiak, C. , and A. , Volcanic and Solar Forcing of the Tropical Pacific over the Past 1000 Years, Journal of Climate, vol.18, issue.3, pp.447-456, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-3276.1

M. E. Mann, Z. Zhang, S. Rutherford, R. S. Bradley, M. K. Hughes et al., Global Signatures and Dynamical Origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly, Global signatures and dynamical origins of the Little Ice Age and Medieval Climate Anomaly, pp.1256-1260, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1177303

P. Martinez and R. S. Robinson, Increase in water column denitrification during the last deglaciation: the influence of oxygen demand in the eastern equatorial Pacific, Biogeosciences, vol.7, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2010.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-7-1-2010

J. Mcmanus, W. M. Berelson, S. Severmann, R. L. Poulson, D. E. Hammond et al., Molybdenum and uranium geochemistry in continental margin sediments: Paleoproxy potential, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.70, issue.18, pp.4643-4662, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.1564

A. F. Michaels and M. W. Silver, Primary production, sinking fluxes and the microbial food web, Deep-Sea Res, Pt. I, vol.35, pp.473-490, 1988.

M. Mohtadi, O. Romero, J. Kaiser, and D. Hebbeln, Cooling of the southern high latitudes during the Medieval Period and its effect on ENSO, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.26, issue.7-8, pp.1055-1066, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.12.008

E. Mollier-vogel, E. Ryabenko, P. Martinez, D. Wallace, M. A. Altabet et al., Nitrogen isotope gradients off Peru and Ecuador related to upwelling, productivity, nutrient uptake and oxygen deficiency, Deep-Sea Res, pp.14-25, 2012.

I. Montes, F. Colas, X. Capet, and W. Schneider, On the pathways of the equatorial subsurface currents in the eastern equatorial Pacific and their contributions to the Peru-Chile Undercurrent, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.1, issue.C3, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2009JC005710

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00580614

C. M. Moy, P. I. Moreno, R. B. Dunbar, M. R. Kaplan, J. Francois et al., Climate Change in Southern South America During the Last Two Millennia, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-90-481-2672-9_15

T. J. Nameroff, S. E. Calvert, M. , and J. W. , Glacialinterglacial variability in the eastern tropical North Pacific oxygen minimum zone recorded by redox-sensitive trace metals, pp.10-1029, 2004.

A. Newton, R. Thunell, and L. Stott, Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.173, issue.11, pp.1-5, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2006GL027234

D. W. Oppo, Y. Rosenthal, and B. K. Linsley, 000-year-long temperature and hydrology reconstructions from the Indo-Pacific warm pool, PAGES 2K Network: Continental-scale temperature variability during the past two millennia, pp.1113-1116, 2009.

J. W. Partin, K. M. Cobb, J. F. Adkins, B. Clark, and D. P. Fernandez, Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum, Nature, vol.81, issue.7161, pp.452-455, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06164

J. T. Pennington, K. L. Mahoney, V. S. Kuwahara, D. D. Kolber, R. Calienes et al., Primary production in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review, Progress in Oceanography, vol.69, issue.2-4, pp.285-317, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2006.03.012

S. G. Philander, El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, 1990.

R. T. Pierrehumbert, Climate change and the tropical Pacific: The sleeping dragon wakes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.4, pp.1355-1358, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1355

B. Rein, A. Lückge, and F. Sirocko, A major Holocene ENSO anomaly during the Medieval period, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, issue.4, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GL020161

B. Rein, F. Sirocko, A. Lückge, L. Reinhardt, A. Wolf et al., Abrupt Change of El Niño Activity off Peru during Stage MIS 5e?d, in: The Climate of Past Interglacials, pp.305-321, 2007.

L. Reinhardt, H. Kudrasss, A. Lückge, M. Wiedicke, J. Wunderlich et al., High-resolution sediment echosounding off Peru: Late Quaternary depositional sequences and sedimentary structures of a current-dominated shelf, Marine Geophysical Researches, vol.23, issue.4, pp.335-351, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1025781631558

J. Reuter, L. Stott, D. Khider, A. Sinha, H. Cheng et al., A new perspective on the hydroclimate variability in northern South America during the Little Ice Age, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, issue.D6, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2009GL041051

J. L. Reyss, S. Schmidt, F. Legeleux, and P. Bonté, Large, low background well-type detectors for measurements of environmental radioactivity, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.357, issue.2-3, pp.391-397, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9002(95)00021-6

R. Robinson, M. Kienast, A. S. Albuquerque, M. A. Altabet, S. Contreras et al., A review of nitrogen isotopic alteration in marine sediments, Paleoceanography, vol.161, issue.3838, p.10, 1029.
DOI : 10.1126/science.161.3838.269

M. Rodier, L. Borgne, and R. , Export flux of particles at the equator in the western and central Pacific ocean, Deep-Sea Res, pp.2085-2113, 1997.

J. P. Sachs, D. Sachse, R. H. Smittenberg, Z. Zhang, D. S. Battisti et al., Southward movement of the Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone AD, Nat. Geosci, vol.2, pp.1400-1850, 2009.

R. Salvatteci, D. Field, A. Sifeddine, L. Ortlieb, V. Ferreira et al., Cross-stratigraphies from a seismically active mud lens off Peru indicate horizontal extensions of laminae, missing sequences, and a need for multiple cores for high resolution records, Marine Geology, vol.357, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.margeo.2014.07.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01139601

K. F. Scheidegger and L. A. Krissek, Dispersal and deposition of eolian and fluvial sediments off Peru and northern Chile, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.93, issue.2, pp.150-162, 1982.
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(1982)93<150:DADOEA>2.0.CO;2

F. Scholz, C. Hensen, A. Noffke, A. Rohde, V. Liebetrau et al., Early diagenesis of redox-sensitive trace metals in the Peru upwelling area ??? response to ENSO-related oxygen fluctuations in the water column, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.75, issue.22, pp.7257-7276, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2011.08.007

A. Sifeddine, D. Gutierrez, L. Ortlieb, H. Boucher, F. Velazco et al., Laminated sediments from the central Peruvian continental slope: A 500 year record of upwelling system productivity, terrestrial runoff and redox conditions, Progress in Oceanography, vol.79, issue.2-4, pp.190-197, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2008.10.024

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00357019

L. Stramma, G. C. Johnson, J. Sprintall, and V. Mohrholz, Expanding Oxygen-Minimum Zones in the Tropical Oceans, Science, vol.320, issue.5876, pp.655-658, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1153847

P. T. Strub, J. M. Mesias, V. Montecino, J. Rutllant, and S. Salinas, Coastal ocean circulation off western South America, The Sea, pp.273-313, 1998.

E. Suess, Particulate organic carbon flux in the oceans???surface productivity and oxygen utilization, Nature, vol.9, issue.5788, pp.260-263, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/288260a0

J. R. Toggweiler, CLIMATE CHANGE: Shifting Westerlies, Science, vol.323, issue.5920, pp.1434-1435, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1169823

N. Tribovillard, T. J. Algeo, T. Lyons, and A. Riboulleau, Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update, Chemical Geology, vol.232, issue.1-2, pp.12-32, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.02.012

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00351351

G. A. Vecchi, B. Soden, A. T. Wittenberg, I. M. Held, A. Leetmaa et al., Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing, Nature, vol.19, issue.7089, pp.73-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04744