F. Alberto, P. Raimondi, and D. Reed, Habitat continuity and geographic distance predict population genetic differentiation in giant kelp, Ecology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.49-56, 2010.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

M. Anderson, R. Gorley, and R. Clarke, Permanova+ for Primer: Guide to Software and Statistical Methods, Laboratory PM), 2008.

P. Arzel, Les laminaires sur les côtes bretonnes. Evolution de l'exploitation et de la flottille de pêche, état actuel et perspectives, IFREMER, vol.139, 1998.

J. Assis, N. Coelho, and F. Alberto, High and Distinct Range-Edge Genetic Diversity despite Local Bottlenecks, PLoS ONE, vol.321, issue.7, p.68646, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0068646.s007
URL : http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068646

N. Barton, A. Etheridge, J. Kelleher, and A. Véber, Genetic hitchhiking in spatially extended populations, Theoretical Population Biology, vol.87, pp.75-89, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tpb.2012.12.001

I. Bartsch, C. Wiencke, and K. Bischof, : recent insights and developments, European Journal of Phycology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.1-86, 2008.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008197610793

I. Bartsch, J. Vogt, C. Pehlke, and D. Hanelt, Prevailing sea surface temperatures inhibit summer reproduction of the kelp Laminaria digitata at Helgoland (North Sea). transition zone in the context of global change, 2013.

J. Goudet, FSTAT, a program to estimate and test gene diversities and fixation indices, 2001.

Q. Guo, Incorporating latitudinal and central-marginal trends in assessing genetic variation across species ranges, Molecular Ecology, vol.17, issue.22, pp.5396-5403, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/mec.12012

A. Hampe and R. Petit, Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters, Ecology Letters, vol.359, issue.5, pp.461-467, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x

J. Hamrick and M. Godt, Effects of Life History Traits on Genetic Diversity in Plant Species, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.351, issue.1345, pp.1291-1298, 1996.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1996.0112

D. Hedgecock, P. Barber, and S. Edmands, Genetic Approaches to Measuring Connectivity, Oceanography, vol.20, issue.3, pp.70-79, 2007.
DOI : 10.5670/oceanog.2007.30

B. Helmuth and G. Hofmann, Microhabitats, Thermal Heterogeneity, and Patterns of Physiological Stress in the Rocky Intertidal Zone, The Biological Bulletin, vol.201, issue.3, pp.374-384, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1543615

G. Hewitt, Some genetic consequences of ice ages, and their role in divergence and speciation, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.58, issue.3, pp.247-276, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01434.x

H. Hop, C. Wiencke, B. Vögele, and N. Kovaltchouk, Species composition, zonation, and biomass of marine benthic macroalgae in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Botanica Marina, vol.55, issue.4, pp.399-414, 2012.
DOI : 10.1515/bot-2012-0097

A. Hughes, B. Inouye, M. Johnson, N. Underwood, and M. Vellend, Ecological consequences of genetic diversity, Ecology Letters, vol.406, issue.6, pp.609-623, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01179.x

K. Ibrahim, R. Nichols, and G. Hewitt, Spatial patterns of genetic variation generated by different forms of dispersal during range expansion, Heredity, vol.77, issue.3, pp.282-291, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/hdy.1996.142

M. Johansson, M. Banks, K. Glunt, H. Hassel-finnegan, and V. Buonaccorsi, ), Molecular Ecology, vol.141, issue.Supplement, pp.3051-3061, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03814.x

J. Kain, Synopsis of biological data on Laminaria hyperborea (ed. FAO Fisheries synopsis), pp.1-69, 1971.

R. Kelly and S. Palumbi, Genetic Structure Among 50 Species of the Northeastern Pacific Rocky Intertidal Community, PLoS ONE, vol.125, issue.1, p.8594, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0008594.s001

M. Kimura and G. Weiss, The stepping stone model of population structure and the decrease of genetic correlation with distance, Genetics, vol.49, pp.561-576, 1964.

B. Kinlan, S. Gaines, and S. Lester, Propagule dispersal and the scales of marine community process, Diversity and Distributions, vol.28, issue.2, pp.139-148, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00158.x

J. Leclerc, Biodiversité, structure et fonctionnement trophique des communautés associées à Laminaria hyperborea, en conditions naturelles et exploitées, en Bretagne, 2013.

C. Lobban and P. Harrison, Seaweed ecology and physiology, 1994.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511626210

K. Lüning, Seaweeds: their environment, biogeography, and ecophysiology, 1990.

K. Lüning and D. Muller, Chemical interaction in sexual reproduction of several Laminariales (Phaeophyceae): release and attraction of spermatozoids. Zeit-schrift fur Pflanzenphysiologie, pp.333-341, 1978.

E. Macaya, S. Boltaña, and I. Hinojosa, PRESENCE OF SPOROPHYLLS IN FLOATING KELP RAFTS OF MACROCYSTIS SPP. (PHAEOPHYCEAE) ALONG THE CHILEAN PACIFIC COAST1., Journal of Phycology, vol.78, issue.5, pp.913-922, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00365-X

C. Maggs, R. Castilho, and D. Foltz, EVALUATING SIGNATURES OF GLACIAL REFUGIA FOR NORTH ATLANTIC BENTHIC MARINE TAXA, Ecology, vol.39, issue.sp11, pp.108-122, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00292.x

P. Marko, 'What's larvae got to do with it?' Disparate patterns of post-glacial population structure in two benthic marine gastropods with identical dispersal potential, Molecular Ecology, vol.22, issue.3, pp.597-611, 2004.
DOI : 10.1006/qres.1999.2119

S. Mauger, L. Couceiro, and M. Valero, A simple and cost-effective method to synthesize an internal size standard amenable to use with a 5-dye system, Prime Research on Biotechnology, vol.2, pp.40-46, 2012.

D. Mccauley, Genetic consequences of local population extinction and recolonization, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.6, issue.1, pp.5-8, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(91)90139-O

D. Mcdevit and G. Saunders, A DNA barcode examination of the Laminariaceae (Phaeophyceae) in Canada reveals novel biogeographical and evolutionary insights, Phycologia, vol.49, issue.3, pp.235-248, 2010.
DOI : 10.2216/PH09-36.1

M. Nei, Molecular Evolutionary Genetics, 1987.

H. Nybom, Comparison of different nuclear DNA markers for estimating intraspecific genetic diversity in plants, Molecular Ecology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.1143-1155, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02141.x

L. Oppliger, Reproduction des grandes algues brunes des côtes Chiliennes et Bretonnes en marge de leur aire de distribution, 2010.

L. Oppliger, V. Dassow, P. Bouchemousse, and S. , in review for PLoS ONE ) Alteration of sexual reproduction and genetic diversity in the kelp species Laminaria digitata at the southern limit of its range

R. Peakall and P. Smouse, GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update, Bioinformatics, vol.28, issue.19, pp.2537-2539, 20012.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460

J. Provan, R. Wattier, and C. Maggs, Phylogeographic analysis of the red seaweed Palmaria palmata reveals a Pleistocene marine glacial refugium in the English Channel, Molecular Ecology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.793-803, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02447.x

J. Provan and C. Maggs, Unique genetic variation at a species' rear edge is under threat from global climate change, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.91, issue.1-3, pp.39-47, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00085-3

R. Development and C. Team, R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2005.

P. Raimondi, D. Reed, B. Gaylord, and L. Washburn, EFFECTS OF SELF-FERTILIZATION IN THE GIANT KELP, MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA, Ecology, vol.85, issue.12, pp.3267-3276, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/2419349

D. Reed, The Effects of Variable Settlement and Early Competition on Patterns of Kelp Recruitment, Ecology, vol.71, issue.2, pp.776-787, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/1940329

C. Riginos and M. Nachman, Population subdivision in marine environments: the contributions of biogeography, geographical distance and discontinuous habitat to genetic differentiation in a blennioid fish, Axoclinus nigricaudus, Molecular Ecology, vol.41, issue.6, pp.1439-1453, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/bijl.1999.0388

B. Santelices, Patterns of reproduction, dispersal and recruitment in seaweeds. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review, pp.177-276, 1990.

D. Smale, M. Burrows, P. Moore, O. Connor, N. Hawkins et al., Threats and knowledge gaps for ecosystem services provided by kelp forests: a northeast Atlantic perspective, Ecology and Evolution, vol.29, issue.355, pp.4016-4038, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/ece3.774

R. Steneck, M. Graham, and B. Bourque, Kelp forest ecosystems: biodiversity, stability, resilience and future, Environmental Conservation, vol.29, issue.04, pp.436-459, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0376892902000322

M. Valero, C. Destombe, and S. Mauger, Using genetic tools for sustainable management of kelps: a literature review and the example of Laminaria digitata, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01218842

J. Van-etten, C. Van-oosterhout, W. Hutchinson, D. Wills, and P. Shipley, gdistance: distances and routes on geographical grids. R package version 1.1-4. http://cran.r-project.org MICRO-CHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data, Molecular Ecology Notes, vol.4, pp.535-538, 2004.

J. Vucetich and T. Waite, Spatial patterns of demography and genetic processes across the species' range: null hypotheses for landscape conservation genetics, Conservation Genetics, vol.4, issue.5, pp.639-645, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1025671831349

B. Walser and C. Haag, : the effects of population turnover and population size, Molecular Ecology, vol.84, issue.4, pp.851-861, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05416.x

R. Watts and M. Johnson, Estuaries, lagoons and enclosed embayments: habitats that enhance population subdivision of inshore fishes. Marine and Freshwater Research, pp.641-651, 2004.

B. Weir and C. Cockerham, Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population Structure, Evolution, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1358-1370, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

C. White, K. Selkoe, and J. Watson, Ocean currents help explain population genetic structure, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.30, issue.8, pp.1685-1694, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tpb.2004.06.001

J. Wilkins and J. Wakeley, The coalescent in a continuous, finite, linear population, Genetics, vol.161, pp.873-888, 2002.

S. Wright, Isolation by distance, Genetics, vol.28, pp.114-138, 1943.