Freezing avian semen
Résumé
Semen cryopreservation is an important tool for the storage of reproductive cells used for the ex situ management of genetic diversity in birds. Recent advances in poultry semen cryopreservation technology have resulted in the emergence of cryobanking, which is now being developed in an increasing number of countries. In addition, semen freezing methods are now effective for various domestic and wild bird species, although species such as guinea fowls are still highly affected by the process. The methods of freezing avian semen now use a small number of cryoprotectants, (mainly glycerol, dimethyl or N-methylacetamide) and cell packaging (such as straws or pellets). Temperature curves of freezing and thawing remain the most variable points as very slow or very rapid curves are sometimes used in the same species. Specific features of bird reproductive physiology are very important for sperm cryopreservation and application. The characteristics of initial semen quality, including cell membrane properties, mobility capacity and ability to undergo the acrosome reaction are critical points. The specific features of the oviparity system of reproduction and the internal fertilization process affect the conditions of semen use. The in vivo storage of spermatozoa in the sperm storage tubules of the female genital tract, and the conditions of the drastic selection of sperm in the highly specialized female oviduct constitute major factors that are highly species-specific. These constraints involve adaptations of the semen media used for freezing and of the zootechnical parameters of semen use. This review highlights the main factors that are critical for the success of semen cryopreservation in bird species.