S. A. Amin, M. S. Parker, and E. V. Armbrust, Interactions between Diatoms and Bacteria, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.76, issue.3, pp.667-684, 2012.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.00007-12
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429620

R. M. Amon and R. Benner, Bacterial utilization of different size classes of dissolved organic matter, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.41, issue.1, pp.41-51, 1996.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1996.41.1.0041

B. J. Bellinger, G. J. Underwood, S. E. Ziegler, and M. R. Gretz, Significance of diatom-derived polymers in carbon flow dynamics within estuarine biofilms determined through isotopic enrichment, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.55, pp.169-187, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/ame01287

P. V. Bhaskar, H. Grossart, N. B. Bhosle, and M. Simon, Production of macroaggregates from dissolved exopolymeric substances (EPS) of bacterial and diatom origin, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.255-264, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.12.013

G. F. Blanchard, J. M. Guarini, F. Orvain, and P. G. Sauriau, Dynamic behaviour of benthic microalgal biomass in intertidal mudflats, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.264, issue.1, pp.85-100, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00312-4

A. Boetius and K. Lochte, Regulation of microbial enzymatic degradation of organic matter in deep-sea sediments, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.104, pp.299-307, 1994.
DOI : 10.3354/meps104299

A. Boetius and K. Lochte, Effect of organic enrichments on hydrolytic potentials and growth of bacteria in deep-sea sediments, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.140, pp.239-250, 1996.
DOI : 10.3354/meps140239

G. Bratbak and I. Dundas, Bacterial dry matter content and biomass estimations, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.48, pp.755-757, 1984.

L. M. Cammen, Annual bacterial production in relation to benthic microalgal production and sediment oxygen uptake in an intertidal sandflat and an intertidal mudflat, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.71, pp.13-25, 1991.
DOI : 10.3354/meps071013

S. R. Carpenter, Microcosm Experiments have Limited Relevance for Community and Ecosystem Ecology, Ecology, vol.77, issue.3, pp.677-680, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2265490

W. Chin, M. V. Orellana, and P. Verdugo, Spontaneous assembly of marine dissolved organic matter into polymer gels, Nature, vol.391, pp.568-572, 1998.

A. Chiovitti, M. J. Higgins, R. E. Harper, R. Wetherbee, and A. Bacic, THE COMPLEX POLYSACCHARIDES OF THE RAPHID DIATOM PINNULARIA VIRIDIS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1, Journal of Phycology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.543-554, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.02162.x

R. J. Chróst and J. Overbeck, Substrate-ectoenzyme interaction: significance of betaglucosidase activity for glucose metabolism by aquatic bacteria, Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie - Advances in Limnology, vol.34, pp.93-98, 1990.

M. Consalvey, D. M. Paterson, and G. J. Underwood, THE UPS AND DOWNS OF LIFE IN A BENTHIC BIOFILM: MIGRATION OF BENTHIC DIATOMS, Diatom Research, vol.39, issue.2, pp.181-202, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/0269249X.2004.9705870

P. L. Cook, B. Veuger, S. Böer, and J. J. Middelburg, Effect of nutrient availability on carbon and nitrogen incorporation and flows through benthic algae and bacteria in near-shore sandy sediment, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.49, pp.165-180, 2007.
DOI : 10.3354/ame01142

J. F. De-brouwer and L. J. Stal, Short-term dynamics in microphytobenthos distribution and associated extracellular carbohydrates in surface sediments of an intertidal mudflat, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.218, pp.33-44, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/meps218033

D. Brouwer, J. F. Stal, and L. J. , DAILY FLUCTUATIONS OF EXOPOLYMERS IN CULTURES OF THE BENTHIC DIATOMS CYLINDROTHECA CLOSTERIUM AND NITZSCHIA SP. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1, Journal of Phycology, vol.113, issue.3, pp.464-472, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01164.x

S. De-jong, P. Hofmann, A. , and S. , Construction and calibration of a rapidly responding pH mini-electrode: application to intertidal sediments, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.45, pp.187-192, 1988.
DOI : 10.3354/meps045187

A. W. Decho, Microbial exopolymer secretions in ocean environments: their role(s) in food webs and marine processes, Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, vol.28, pp.73-153, 1990.

A. W. Decho, Microbial biofilms in intertidal systems: an overview, Continental Shelf Research, vol.20, issue.10-11, pp.1257-1273, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0278-4343(00)00022-4

M. Dubois, K. A. Gilles, J. K. Hamilton, P. A. Rebers, and F. Smith, Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances, Analytical Chemistry, vol.28, issue.3, pp.350-356, 1956.
DOI : 10.1021/ac60111a017

J. A. Fuhrman, Influence of Method on the Apparent Size Distribution of Bacterioplankton Cells, Epifluorescence Microscopy Compared to Scanning Electron Microscopy Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.5, pp.103-106, 1981.

J. A. Fuhrman and F. Azam, Thymidine incorporation as a measure of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in marine surface waters: Evaluation and field results, Marine Biology, vol.33, issue.2, pp.109-120, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00397184

S. Gerbersdorf, B. Westrich, and D. Paterson, Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) in Fresh Water Sediments, Microbial Ecology, vol.39, issue.2, pp.334-349, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-009-9498-8

D. Giroldo, A. A. Vieira, and B. S. Paulsen, RELATIVE INCREASE OF DEOXY SUGARS DURING MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF AN EXTRACELLULAR POLYSACCHARIDE RELEASED BY A TROPICAL FRESHWATER THALASSIOSIRA SP. (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1, Journal of Phycology, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1109-1115, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03-006.x

T. Gonzales and J. Robert-baudouy, Bacterial aminopeptidases: Properties and functions, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.18, issue.4, pp.319-344, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00247.x

N. Goto, O. Mitamura, and H. Terai, Biodegradation of photosynthetically produced extracellular organic carbon from intertidal benthic algae, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.257, issue.1, pp.73-86, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00329-4

G. D. Grice and M. R. Reeve, Marine Mesocosms: Biological and Chemical Research in Experimental Ecosystems, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-5645-8

J. Guarini, G. F. Blanchard, P. Gros, D. Gouleau, and C. Bacher, Dynamic model of the short-term variability of microphytobenthic biomass on temperate intertidal mudflats, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.195, pp.291-303, 2000.
DOI : 10.3354/meps195291

I. Hamels, K. Muylaert, G. Casteleyn, and W. Vyverman, Uncoupling of bacterial production and flagellate grazing in aquatic sediments: a case study from an intertidal flat, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.25, pp.31-42, 2001.
DOI : 10.3354/ame025031

A. R. Hanlon, B. Bellinger, K. Haynes, G. Xiao, T. A. Hofmann et al., Dynamics of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production and loss in an estuarine, diatom-dominated, microalgal biofilm over a tidal emersio-immersion period, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.51, issue.1, pp.79-93, 2006.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2006.51.1.0079

K. Haynes, T. A. Hofmann, C. J. Smith, A. S. Ball, G. J. Underwood et al., Diatom-Derived Carbohydrates as Factors Affecting Bacterial Community Composition in Estuarine Sediments, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.73, issue.19, pp.6112-6124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.00551-07

O. Herlory, J. Guarini, P. Richard, and G. F. Blanchard, Microstructure of microphytobenthic biofilm and its spatio-temporal dynamics in an intertidal mudflat (Aiguillon Bay, France), Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.282, pp.33-44, 2004.
DOI : 10.3354/meps282033
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00093955

H. Heuer and K. Smalla, Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis for studying soil microbial communities, Modern Soil Microbiology. Marcel Dekker, pp.353-373, 1997.

M. J. Higgins, P. Molino, P. Mulvaney, and R. Wetherbee, THE STRUCTURE AND NANOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ADHESIVE MUCILAGE THAT MEDIATES DIATOM-SUBSTRATUM ADHESION AND MOTILITY1, Journal of Phycology, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1181-1193, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-3646.2003.03-027.x

H. Hoppe, Attachment of Bacteria: Advantage or Disadvantage for Survival in the Aquatic Environment, Microbial adhesion and aggregation, pp.283-301, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-70137-5_19

M. A. Huston, MICROCOSM EXPERIMENTS HAVE LIMITED RELEVANCE FOR COMMUNITY AND ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY: SYNTHESIS OF COMMENTS, Ecology, vol.80, issue.3, pp.1088-1089, 1999.
DOI : 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1088:MEHLRF]2.0.CO;2

W. M. Kemp, J. E. Petersen, and R. H. Gardner, CHAPTER 1. Scale-Dependence and the Problem of Extrapolation Implications for Experimental and Natural Coastal Ecosystems, Scaling Relations in Experimental Ecology, pp.3-57, 2001.
DOI : 10.7312/gard11498-004

G. M. King, Characterization of ?-Glucosidase Activity in Intertidal Marine Sediments, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.51, pp.373-380, 1986.

F. Koroleff, Direct determination of ammonia in natural waters as indophenol blue, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, vol.9, pp.19-22, 1969.

C. J. Lorenzen, A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration. Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts 13, pp.223-227, 1966.

O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosenbrough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Randall, Protein measurement with the Folin Phenol Reagent, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.193, pp.265-275, 1951.

H. V. Lubarsky, C. Hubas, M. Chocholek, F. Larson, W. Manz et al., The Stabilisation Potential of Individual and Mixed Assemblages of Natural Bacteria and Microalgae, PLoS ONE, vol.7, issue.11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0013794.t004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00536527

H. Macintyre, R. Geider, and D. Miller, Microphytobenthos: The Ecological Role of the "Secret Garden" of Unvegetated, Shallow-Water Marine Habitats. I. Distribution, Abundance and Primary Production, Estuaries, vol.19, issue.2, pp.186-201, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/1352224

J. Makk, E. Acs, K. Marialigeti, and G. Kovacs, Investigations on the Danube gravelbiofilm diatom-associated bacterial communities, Biologia, vol.58, pp.729-742, 2003.

C. Mallet and D. Debroas, Relations between organic matter and bacterial proteolytic activity in sediment surface layers of a eutrophic lake, 1999.

C. Mallet and D. Debroas, Regulation of ?-and ?-glycolytic activities in the sediments of a eutrophic lake, Microbial Ecology, vol.41, pp.106-113, 2001.

J. J. Middelburg, C. Barranguet, H. T. Boschker, P. M. Herman, T. Moens et al., C-labeling study, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.45, issue.6, pp.1224-1234, 2000.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2000.45.6.1224

F. Orvain, M. De-crignis, K. Guizien, S. Lefebvre, C. Mallet et al., This Issue. Tidal and seasonal effects on the consortium of bacteria, microphytobanthos and exopolymers in natural intertidal biofilms

F. Orvain, R. Galois, C. Barnard, A. Sylvestre, G. Blanchard et al., Carbohydrate Production in Relation to Microphytobenthic Biofilm Development: An Integrated Approach in a Tidal Mesocosm, Microbial Ecology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.237-251, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-002-2027-7

P. Pascal, C. Dupuy, P. Richard, C. Mallet, E. A. Châtelet et al., Seasonal variation in consumption of benthic bacteria by meio- and macrofauna in an intertidal mudflat, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.54, issue.4, pp.1048-1059, 2009.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2009.54.4.1048
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00525685

S. Pesce, C. Fajon, C. Bardot, F. Bonnemoy, C. Portelli et al., Effects of the phenylurea herbicide diuron on natural riverine microbial communities in an experimental study, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.78, issue.4, pp.303-314, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.03.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00528297

J. E. Petersen, W. M. Kemp, R. Bartleson, W. R. Boynton, C. C. Chen et al., Multiscale Experiments in Coastal Ecology: Improving Realism and Advancing Theory, Multiscale Experiments in Coastal Ecology: Improving Realism and Advancing Theory, pp.1181-1197, 2003.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[1181:MEICEI]2.0.CO;2

G. Pierre, M. Graber, F. Orvain, C. Dupuy, and T. Maugard, Biochemical characterization of extracellular polymeric substances extracted from an intertidal mudflat using a cation exchange resin, Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.917-923, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bse.2010.09.014
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00652078

G. Pierre, M. Graber, B. Rafiliposon, C. Dupuy, F. Orvain et al., Biochemical Composition and Changes of Extracellular Polysaccharides (ECPS) Produced during Microphytobenthic Biofilm Development (Marennes-Ol??ron, France), Biochemical Composition and Changes of Extracellular Polysaccharides (ECPS) Produced during Microphytobenthic Biofilm Development, pp.157-169, 2012.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-011-9959-8

K. G. Porter and Y. S. Feig, The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora1, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.25, issue.5, pp.943-948, 1980.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1980.25.5.0943

M. Potts, Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.58, pp.755-805, 1994.

D. C. Smith, M. Simon, A. L. Alldredge, F. Azam, D. J. Smith et al., Intense hydrolytic enzyme activity on marine aggregates and implications for rapid particle dissolution Exopolymer production by intertidal epipelic diatoms, Nature Limnology and Oceanography, vol.359, issue.43, pp.139-142, 1992.

D. J. Smith and G. J. Underwood, The production of extracellular carbohydrates by estuarine benthic diatoms: the effects of growth phase and light and dark treatment, Journal of Phycology, vol.113, issue.2, pp.321-333, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.99148.x

N. Staats, L. J. Stal, B. De-winder, and L. R. Mur, Oxygenic photosynthesis as driving process in exopolysaccharide production of benthic diatoms, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.193, pp.261-269, 2000.
DOI : 10.3354/meps193261

N. Staats, L. J. Stal, and L. R. Mur, Exopolysaccharide production by the epipelic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium: effects of nutrient conditions, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.249, issue.1, pp.13-27, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00166-0

L. Stal and J. De-brower, Biofilm formation by benthic diatoms and their influence on the stabilization of intertidal mudflats, Forschungszentrum TERRAMARE, vol.12, pp.109-111, 2003.

L. J. Stal and C. Défarge, Structure and Dynamics of Exopolymers in an Intertidal Diatom Biofilm, Geomicrobiology Journal, vol.67, issue.7-8, pp.341-352, 2005.
DOI : 10.3354/meps245021
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00023494

I. W. Sutherland, Polysaccharases for microbial exopolysaccharides, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.38, issue.4, pp.319-328, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00114-3

T. F. Sutherland, J. Grant, and C. L. Amos, on the erodibility of sediment, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.43, issue.1, pp.65-72, 1998.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1998.43.1.0065

E. Takahashi, J. Ledauphin, D. Goux, and F. Orvain, Optimising extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from benthic diatoms: comparison of the efficiency of six EPS extraction methods, Marine and Freshwater Research, vol.60, issue.12, pp.1201-1210, 2009.
DOI : 10.1071/MF08258

D. C. Thornton, S. M. Kopac, and R. A. Long, Production and enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates in intertidal sediment, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, vol.60, issue.2, pp.109-125, 2010.
DOI : 10.3354/ame01403

P. Tréguer, P. Le-corre, and J. R. Grall, The seasonal variations of nutrients in the upper waters of the Bay of Biscay region and their relation to phytoplankton growth, Deep Sea Research Part A. Oceanographic Research Papers, vol.26, issue.10, pp.1121-1152, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0198-0149(79)90060-8

G. J. Underwood, M. Boulcott, C. A. Raines, and K. Waldron, ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON EXOPOLYMER PRODUCTION BY MARINE BENTHIC DIATOMS: DYNAMICS, CHANGES IN COMPOSITION, AND PATHWAYS OF PRODUCTION1, Journal of Phycology, vol.43, issue.2, pp.293-304, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03076.x

G. J. Underwood and J. C. Kromkamp, Primary Production by Phytoplankton and Microphytobenthos in Estuaries, Advances in Ecological Research, vol.29, pp.93-153, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60192-0

G. J. Underwood and D. M. Paterson, The importance of extracellular carbohydrate production by marine epipelic diatoms Advances in Botanical Research, pp.183-240, 2003.

G. J. Underwood, D. M. Paterson, and R. J. Parkes, The measurement of microbial carbohydrate exopolymers from intertidal sediments, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.40, issue.7, pp.1243-1253, 1995.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1995.40.7.1243

F. C. Van-duyl and A. J. Kop, Seasonal patterns of bacterial production and biomass in intertidal sediments of the western Dutch Wadden Sea Marine Ecology Progress Series, pp.249-261, 1990.

S. A. Waksman and M. R. Butler, Relation of Bacteria to Diatoms In Sea Water, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, vol.29, issue.01, pp.359-373, 1937.
DOI : 10.2307/1537303

J. H. Ward, Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.58, issue.301, pp.236-244, 1963.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02289263

E. J. Weerman, J. Van-de-koppel, M. B. Eppinga, F. Montserrat, Q. Liu et al., Spatial Self???Organization on Intertidal Mudflats through Biophysical Stress Divergence, The American Naturalist, vol.176, issue.1, pp.15-32, 2010.
DOI : 10.1086/652991

P. Wellsbury, R. A. Herbert, and J. R. Parkes, Bacterial activity and production in near-surface estuarine and freshwater sediments, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.203-214, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00213.x

B. A. Wustman, M. R. Gretz, and K. D. Hoagland, Extracellular Matrix Assembly in Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) (I. A Model of Adhesives Based on Chemical Characterization and Localization of Polysaccharides from the Marine Diatom Achnanthes longipes and Other Diatoms), Plant Physiology, vol.113, issue.4, pp.1059-1069, 1997.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.113.4.1059

M. L. Yallop, B. Dewinder, D. M. Paterson, and L. J. Stal, Comparative structure, primary production and biogenic stabilization of cohesive and non-cohesive marine sediments inhabited by microphytobenthos, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.39, issue.6, pp.565-582, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7714(06)80010-7

M. L. Yallop, D. M. Paterson, and P. Wellsbury, Interrelationships between Rates of Microbial Production, Exopolymer Production, Microbial Biomass, and Sediment Stability in Biofilms of Intertidal Sediments, Microbial Ecology, vol.39, issue.2, pp.116-127, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002489900186