A. Scheuhammer, M. Meyer, M. Sandheinrich, and M. Murray, Effects of Environmental Methylmercury on the Health of Wild Birds, Mammals, and Fish, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, vol.36, issue.1, pp.12-19, 2007.
DOI : 10.1579/0044-7447(2007)36[12:EOEMOT]2.0.CO;2

G. Gabrielsen and L. Sydnes, Pollution in the Barents Sea. Ecosystem Barents Sea, 2009.

J. Koeman, W. Van-de-ven, J. De-goeij, P. Tjioe, and J. Van-haaften, Mercury and selenium in marine mammals and birds, Science of The Total Environment, vol.3, issue.3, pp.279-287, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-9697(75)90052-2

K. Honda, Y. Fujise, R. Tatsukawa, K. Itano, and N. Miyazaki, Age-related accumulation of heavy metals in bone of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, Marine Environmental Research, vol.20, issue.3, pp.143-160, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0141-1136(86)90045-0

R. Wagemann, ) from the Canadian Arctic, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.46, issue.9, pp.1558-1563, 1989.
DOI : 10.1139/f89-198

R. Dietz, F. Riget, and E. Born, Geographical differences of zinc, cadmium, mercury and selenium in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Greenland, The Science of The Total Environment, vol.245, issue.1-3, pp.25-47, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00431-3

R. Bargagli, F. Monaci, J. Sanchezhernandez, and D. Cateni, Biomagnification of mercury in an Antarctic marine coastal food web, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.169, pp.65-76, 1998.
DOI : 10.3354/meps169065

P. Blévin, A. Carravieri, A. Jaeger, O. Chastel, and P. Bustamante, Wide Range of Mercury Contamination in Chicks of Southern Ocean Seabirds, PLoS ONE, vol.14, issue.1, 2013.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0054508.t004

R. Furness, Birds as monitors of pollutants, Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change, pp.86-143, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-1322-7_3

C. Rowe, ???The Calamity of So Long Life???: Life Histories, Contaminants, and Potential Emerging Threats to Long-lived Vertebrates, BioScience, vol.58, issue.7, pp.623-633, 2008.
DOI : 10.1641/B580709

A. Carravieri, Y. Cherel, P. Blévin, M. Brault-favrou, and O. Chastel, Mercury exposure in a large subantarctic avian community, Environmental Pollution, vol.190, pp.51-57, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.017
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00978958

R. Furness and M. Hutton, Pollutant levels in the great skua Catharacta skua, Environmental Pollution (1970), vol.19, issue.4, pp.261-268, 1970.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-9327(79)90118-6

M. Hutton, Accumulation of heavy metals and selenium in three seabird species from the United Kingdom, Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological, vol.26, issue.2, pp.129-14510, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0143-1471(81)90043-X

R. Furness, S. Lewis, and J. Mills, Mercury levels in the plumage of red-billed gulls Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus of known sex and age, Environmental Pollution, vol.63, issue.1, pp.33-39, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0269-7491(90)90101-H

D. Thompson, K. Hamer, and R. Furness, Mercury Accumulation in Great Skuas Catharacta skua of Known Age and Sex, and Its Effects Upon Breeding and Survival, The Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.28, issue.2, pp.672-682, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/2404575

S. Tavares, J. Xavier, R. Phillips, M. Pereira, and M. Pardal, Influence of age, sex and breeding status on mercury accumulation patterns in the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, Environmental Pollution, vol.181, pp.315-320, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.032

O. Chastel, H. Weimerskirch, and P. Jouventin, High annual variability in reproductive success and survival of an Antarctic seabird, the snow petrel Pagodroma nivea, Oecologia, vol.56, issue.2, pp.278-285, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00341328

S. Bearhop, G. Ruxton, and R. Furness, Dynamics of mercury in blood and feathers of great skuas, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.28, issue.6, pp.1638-1643, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620190622

S. Bearhop, S. Waldron, D. Thompson, and R. Furness, Bioamplification of Mercury in Great Skua Catharacta skua Chicks: the Influence of Trophic Status as Determined by Stable Isotope Signatures of Blood and Feathers, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.40, issue.2, pp.181-185, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00205-2

M. Gochfeld, Tissue distribution of mercury in normal and abnormal young Common Terns, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.11, issue.12, pp.362-366, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0025-326X(80)90284-2

M. Wayland, A. Garcia-fernandez, E. Neugebauer, and H. Gilchrist, Concentrations of Cadmium, Mercury and Selenium in Blood, Liver and Kidney of Common Eider Ducks from the Canadian Arctic, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol.71, issue.3, pp.255-267, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011850000360

C. Henny, E. Hill, D. Hoffman, M. Spalding, and R. Grove, Nineteenth Century Mercury: Hazard to Wading Birds and Cormorants of the Carson River, Ecotoxicology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.213-231, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1016327602656

S. Newsome, M. Del-rio, C. Bearhop, S. Phillips, and D. , A niche for isotopic ecology, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.130, issue.8, pp.429-436, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059412

V. Ridoux and C. Offredo, The diets of five summer breeding seabirds in Ad???lie Land, Antarctica, Polar Biology, vol.93, issue.3, pp.137-145, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00297168

S. Tan, J. Meiller, and K. Mahaffey, The endocrine effects of mercury in humans and wildlife, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol.36, issue.1, pp.228-269, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/15287399409531837

P. Drevnick and M. Sandheinrich, Effects of Dietary Methylmercury on Reproductive Endocrinology of Fathead Minnows, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.37, issue.19, pp.4390-4396, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/es034252m

P. Frederick and N. Jayasena, Altered pairing behaviour and reproductive success in white ibises exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of methylmercury, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.17, issue.2, pp.1851-1857, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10646-007-0163-z

D. Evers, L. Savoy, C. Desorbo, D. Yates, and W. Hanson, Adverse effects from environmental mercury loads on breeding common loons, Ecotoxicology, vol.19, issue.2, pp.69-81, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10646-007-0168-7

S. Tartu, A. Goutte, P. Bustamante, F. Angelier, and B. Moe, To breed or not to breed: endocrine response to mercury contamination by an Arctic seabird, Biology Letters, vol.114, issue.7, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.05.012
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00918744

S. Schoech, R. Mumme, and J. Wingfield, Delayed breeding in the cooperatively breeding Florida scrub-jay ( Aphelocoma coerulescens ): inhibition or the absence of stimulation?, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol.39, issue.2, pp.77-90, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s002650050269

A. Goutte, F. Angelier, C. Chastel, C. Trouvé, and B. Moe, Stress and the timing of breeding: Glucocorticoid-luteinizing hormones relationships in an arctic seabird, General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol.169, issue.1, pp.108-116, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.07.016
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00527718

A. Goutte, M. Kriloff, H. Weimerskirch, and O. Chastel, Why do some adult birds skip breeding? A hormonal investigation in a long-lived bird, Biology Letters, vol.94, issue.1, pp.790-792, 2011.
DOI : 10.1530/jrf.0.0940221
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00598596

V. Ramalingam, V. Vimaladevi, S. Rajeswary, and V. Suryavathi, Effect of mercuric chloride on circulating hormones in adult albino rats, J Environ Biol, vol.24, pp.401-404, 2003.

V. Saal, F. Finch, and C. , Reproductive senescence: Phenomena and mechanisms in mammals and selected vertebrate. The physiology of reproduction, 1988.

F. Angelier, B. Moe, H. Weimerskirch, and O. Chastel, Age-specific reproductive success in a long-lived bird: do older parents resist stress better?, Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1181-1191, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2005.00922.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00182302

J. Peig and A. Green, New perspectives for estimating body condition from mass/length data: the scaled mass index as an alternative method, Oikos, vol.74, issue.12, pp.1883-1891, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17643.x

P. Bustamante, V. Lahaye, C. Durnez, C. Churlaud, and F. Caurant, Total and organic Hg concentrations in cephalopods from the North Eastern Atlantic waters: Influence of geographical origin and feeding ecology, Science of The Total Environment, vol.368, issue.2-3, pp.585-596, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.01.038
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00179545

K. Hobson and R. Clark, C in Cellular and Plasma Fractions of Blood: Implications for Nondestructive Sampling in Avian Dietary Studies, The Auk, vol.110, issue.3, pp.638-641, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/4088430

K. Hobson and R. Clark, Assessing Avian Diets Using Stable Isotopes II: Factors Influencing Diet-Tissue Fractionation, The Condor, vol.94, issue.1, pp.189-197, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/1368808

S. Bearhop, S. Waldron, S. Votier, and R. Furness, Factors That Influence Assimilation Rates and Fractionation of Nitrogen and Carbon Stable Isotopes in Avian Blood and Feathers, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol.75, issue.5, pp.451-458, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/342800

Y. Cherel and K. Hobson, Geographical variation in carbon stable isotope signatures of marine predators: a tool to investigate their foraging areas in the Southern Ocean, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.329, pp.281-287, 2007.
DOI : 10.3354/meps329281
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00182469

A. Jaeger, V. Lecomte, H. Weimerskirch, P. Richard, and Y. Cherel, Seabird satellite tracking validates the use of latitudinal isoscapes to depict predators' foraging areas in the Southern Ocean, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, vol.18, issue.23, pp.3456-3460, 2010.
DOI : 10.1002/rcm.4792
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00547682

Y. Cherel, C. Fontaine, P. Richard, and J. Labat, Isotopic niches and trophic levels of myctophid fishes and their predators in the Southern Ocean, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.55, issue.1, pp.324-332, 2010.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2010.55.1.0324
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00528576

Y. Cherel, K. Hobson, and S. Hassani, Isotopic Discrimination between Food and Blood and Feathers of Captive Penguins: Implications for Dietary Studies in the Wild, Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, vol.78, issue.1, pp.106-115, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/425202
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00187664

J. Thiebot, M. Authier, P. Trathan, and C. Bost, Gentlemen first? ???Broken stick??? modelling reveals sex-related homing decision date in migrating seabirds, Journal of Zoology, vol.451, issue.1, pp.25-30, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/jzo.12080
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00871691

M. Authier, C. Martin, A. Ponchon, S. Steelandt, and I. Bentaleb, Breaking the sticks: a hierarchical change-point model for estimating ontogenetic shifts with stable isotope data, Methods in Ecology and Evolution, vol.23, issue.2, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2041-210X.2011.00162.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00627200

L. Cribari-neto and A. Zeilis, Beta Regression in R, J Stat Softw, vol.34, pp.1-24, 2010.

O. Anderson, R. Phillips, R. Mcdonald, R. Shore, and R. Mcgill, Influence of trophic position and foraging range on mercury levels within a seabird community, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.375, pp.277-288, 2009.
DOI : 10.3354/meps07784

J. González-solís, C. Sanpera, and X. Ruiz, Metals and selenium as bioindicators of geographic and trophic segregation in giant petrels Macronectes spp., Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.244, pp.257-264, 2002.
DOI : 10.3354/meps244257

A. Goutte, P. Bustamante, C. Barbraud, K. Delord, and H. Weimerskirch, Demographic responses to mercury exposure in two closely related Antarctic top predators, Ecology, vol.95, issue.4, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1963.tb02509.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00945307

S. Robinson, M. Lajeunesse, and M. Forbes, Sex Differences in Mercury Contamination of Birds: Testing Multiple Hypotheses with Meta-Analysis, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.46, issue.13, pp.7094-7101, 2012.
DOI : 10.1021/es204032m

Y. Cherel, Isotopic niches of emperor and Ad??lie penguins in Ad??lie Land, Antarctica, Marine Biology, vol.31, issue.5, pp.813-821, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00227-008-0974-3

D. Cossa, L. Heimbürger, D. Lannuzel, S. Rintoul, and E. Butler, Mercury in the Southern Ocean, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.75, issue.14, pp.4037-4052, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gca.2011.05.001

V. Lecomte, G. Sorci, S. Cornet, A. Jaeger, and B. Faivre, Patterns of aging in the long-lived wandering albatross, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.14, pp.6370-6375, 2010.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0911181107
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00476082

L. Thiers, K. Delord, C. Barbraud, R. Phillips, D. Pinaud et al., Foraging zones of the two sibling species of giant petrels in the Indian Ocean throughout the annual cycle: implication for their conservation, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.499, pp.233-248, 2014.
DOI : 10.3354/meps10620
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00956310

L. Champoux, D. Masse, D. Evers, O. Lane, and M. Plante, Assessment of mercury exposure and potential effects on common loons (Gavia immer) in Québec, Limnology and Aquatic Birds. Developments in Hydrobiology, pp.263-274, 2006.

M. Mitro, D. Evers, M. Meyer, and W. Piper, Common Loon Survival Rates and Mercury in New England and Wisconsin, Journal of Wildlife Management, vol.17, issue.280, pp.665-673, 2008.
DOI : 1552-8618(1998)017[0146:EOMOWA]2.0.CO;2

M. Wayland, K. Drake, R. Alisauskas, D. Kellett, and J. Traylor, Survival rates and blood metal concentrations in two species of free-ranging North American sea ducks, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.271, pp.698-704, 2008.

K. Hallinger, K. Cornell, R. Brasso, and D. Cristol, Mercury exposure and survival in free-living tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), Ecotoxicology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.39-46, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10646-010-0554-4

A. Goutte, C. Barbraud, A. Meillère, A. Carravieri, and P. Bustamante, Demographic consequences of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in a vulnerable long-lived bird, the wandering albatross, Proc. R. Soc. B 20133313, 2014.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.10.039
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01147829

B. Follett, D. Farner, M. Jr, and . Pw, Luteinizing hormone in the plasma of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) during artificial photostimulation, General and Comparative Endocrinology, vol.26, issue.1, pp.126-134, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-6480(75)90223-3

P. Sharp, A COMPARISON OF VARIATIONS IN PLASMA LUTEINIZING HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE DOMESTIC CHICKENS (GALLUS DOMESTICUS) FROM HATCH TO SEXUAL MATURITY, Journal of Endocrinology, vol.67, issue.2, pp.211-223, 1975.
DOI : 10.1677/joe.0.0670211

G. Bentley, J. Jensen, G. Kaur, D. Wacker, and K. Tsutsui, Rapid inhibition of female sexual behavior by gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), Hormones and Behavior, vol.49, issue.4, pp.550-555, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.12.005

A. Goutte, É. Antoine, H. Weimerskirch, and O. Chastel, Age and the timing of breeding in a long-lived bird: a role for stress hormones?, Functional Ecology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1007-1016, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01712.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00527715

M. Frederiksen, B. Moe, F. Daunt, R. Phillips, and R. Barrett, Multicolony tracking reveals the winter distribution of a pelagic seabird on an ocean basin scale, Diversity and Distributions, vol.163, issue.6, pp.530-542, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00864.x

D. Streets, Q. Zhang, and Y. Wu, Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.43, issue.8, pp.2983-2988, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/es802474j