Fate of C-14-organic pollutant residues in composted sludge after application to soil
Résumé
Organic micropollutants may be present in biosolids, leading to soil contamination when they are recycled in agriculture. A sludge spiked with C-14-labelled glyphosate (GLY), sodium linear dodecylbenzene sulphonate (LAS), fluoranthene (FLT) or 4-n-nonylphenol (NP) was composted with green waste and the fate of the C-14-micropollutant residues remaining after composting was assessed after the compost application to the soil. C-14-residues were mineralised in the soil and represented after 140 d 20-32% of the initial activity for LAS, 16-25% for GLY, 6-9% for FLT and 4-7% for NP. The C-14-residues at the end of composting that could not be extracted with methanol or ammonia were minimally remobilised or even increased for FLT. After 140 d, non-extractable residues represented 38-52% of all of the C-14-residues remaining in the soil for FLT, 50-67% for GLY, 91-92% for NP and 94-97% for LAS and in most cases, less than 1% of the C-14-residues were water soluble, suggesting a low direct availability for leaching and microbial or plant assimilation. FLT was identified as the main compound among the methanol-extractable C-14-residues that may be potentially available. The fate of the C-14-organic pollutant residues in composts after application to soil could be assessed through a sequential chemical extraction scheme and depended on the chemical nature of the pollutant. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.