K. Ashok, S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, H. Weng, and T. Yamagata, El Ni??o Modoki and its possible teleconnection, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.10, issue.D8, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JC003798

J. Boucharel, B. Dewitte, B. Garel, and Y. Dupenhoat, ENSO's non-stationary and non-Gaussian character: the role of climate shifts, Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, vol.16, issue.4, pp.453-473, 2009.
DOI : 10.5194/npg-16-453-2009

C. S. Bretherton, Challenges in numerical modeling of tropical circulations , in The Global Circulation of the Atmosphere, pp.302-330, 2007.

M. Cane, Oceanographic Events During El Nino, Science, vol.222, issue.4629, pp.222-1189, 1983.
DOI : 10.1126/science.222.4629.1189

J. Chiang and D. Vimont, Analogous Pacific and Atlantic Meridional Modes of Tropical Atmosphere???Ocean Variability*, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.21, pp.4143-4158, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI4953.1

B. Dewitte, Sensitivity of an Intermediate Ocean???Atmosphere Coupled Model of the Tropical Pacific to Its Oceanic Vertical Structure, Journal of Climate, vol.13, issue.13, pp.2363-2388, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2363:SOAIOA>2.0.CO;2

B. Dewitte and D. Gushchina, A mechanism of ENSO modulation in a tropical ocean?atmosphere hybrid coupled model, in Climate Variability in the Tropical Pacific: Mechanisms, Modeling and Observations, pp.96-110, 2010.

M. Hoerling, A. Kumar, and M. Zhong, El Ni??o, La Ni??a, and the Nonlinearity of Their Teleconnections, El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections, pp.1769-1786, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1769:ENOLNA>2.0.CO;2

H. ?. Kao and J. ?. Yu, Contrasting Eastern-Pacific and Central-Pacific Types of ENSO, Journal of Climate, vol.22, issue.3, pp.615-632, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/2008JCLI2309.1

A. Kaplan, M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A. C. Clement, M. B. Blumenthal et al., Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856?, J. Geophys. Res, vol.103, issue.18, pp.567-18589, 1991.

W. S. Kessler, Is ENSO a cycle or a series of events?, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.105, issue.C3, pp.212510-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2002GL015924

B. ?. Kim, S. ?i, and . An, Understanding ENSO Regime Behavior upon an Increase in the Warm-Pool Temperature Using a Simple ENSO Model, Journal of Climate, vol.24, issue.5, pp.1438-1450, 2011.
DOI : 10.1175/2010JCLI3635.1

J. ?. Kug, F. ?. Jin, S. ?i, and . An, Two Types of El Ni??o Events: Cold Tongue El Ni??o and Warm Pool El Ni??o, Journal of Climate, vol.22, issue.6, pp.1499-1515, 2009.
DOI : 10.1175/2008JCLI2624.1

J. Kug, J. ?s, S. ?. Choi, F. ?. An, A. Jin et al., Warm Pool and Cold Tongue El Ni??o Events as Simulated by the GFDL 2.1 Coupled GCM, Journal of Climate, vol.23, issue.5, pp.1226-1239, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2009JCLI3293.1

N. K. Larkin and D. E. Harrison, ENSO Warm (El Ni??o) and Cold (La Ni??a) Event Life Cycles: Ocean Surface Anomaly Patterns, Their Symmetries, Asymmetries, and Implications, Journal of Climate, vol.15, issue.10, pp.1118-1140, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1118:EWENOA>2.0.CO;2

N. K. Larkin and D. E. Harrison, Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Ni??o autumn and winter, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.13, issue.13, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL022860

T. Lee and M. J. Mcphaden, Increasing intensity of El Ni??o in the central-equatorial Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.23, issue.14, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1029/2010GL044007

M. J. Mcphaden and X. Zhang, Asymmetry in zonal phase propagation of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, issue.D8, pp.10-1029, 2009.
DOI : 10.1029/2009GL038774

J. D. Neelin and N. Zeng, A Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model???Formulation*, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.11, pp.1741-1766, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1741:AQETCM>2.0.CO;2

E. M. Rasmusson and T. H. Carpenter, Variations in Tropical Sea Surface Temperature and Surface Wind Fields Associated with the Southern Oscillation/El Ni??o, Monthly Weather Review, vol.110, issue.5, pp.354-384, 1982.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110<0354:VITSST>2.0.CO;2

N. A. Rayner, D. E. Parker, E. B. Horton, C. K. Folland, L. V. Alexander et al., Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.220, issue.D18, p.440710, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002670

P. S. Schopf and R. J. Burgman, A Simple Mechanism for ENSO Residuals and Asymmetry, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.13, pp.3167-3179, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3765.1

T. M. Smith, R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, Improvements to NOAA???s Historical Merged Land???Ocean Surface Temperature Analysis (1880???2006), Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.10, pp.2283-2296, 1880.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JCLI2100.1

A. Timmermann, F. ?. Jin, and J. Abshagen, A Nonlinear Theory for El Ni??o Bursting, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.1, pp.152-165, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0152:ANTFEN>2.0.CO;2

T. Toniazzo, Climate variability in the south-eastern tropical Pacific and its relation with ENSO: a GCM study, Climate Dynamics, vol.12, issue.7-8, pp.1093-1114, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-009-0602-z

K. Trenberth and D. Stepaniak, Indices of El Ni??o Evolution, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.8, pp.1697-1701, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1697:LIOENO>2.0.CO;2

D. J. Vimont, D. S. Battisti, and A. C. Hirst, Footprinting: A seasonal connection between the tropics and mid-latitudes, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.10, issue.20, pp.3923-3926, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL013435

B. Wang and S. An, Why the properties of El Ni??o changed during the late 1970s, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.115, issue.19, pp.3709-3712, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL012862

H. Weng, K. Ashok, S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, and T. Yamagata, Impacts of recent El Ni??o Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the Pacific rim during boreal summer, Climate Dynamics, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.113-129, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00382-007-0234-0

A. T. Wittenberg, A. Rosati, N. C. Lau, and J. J. Ploshay, GFDL's CM2 Global Coupled Climate Models. Part III: Tropical Pacific Climate and ENSO, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.5, pp.698-722, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3631.1

K. Wyrtki, El Ni??o???The Dynamic Response of the Equatorial Pacific Oceanto Atmospheric Forcing, Journal of Physical Oceanography, vol.5, issue.4, pp.572-594, 1975.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0485(1975)005<0572:ENTDRO>2.0.CO;2

J. ?. Yu and S. T. Kim, Three evolution patterns of Central-Pacific El Ni??o, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.22, issue.D14, pp.10-1029, 2010.
DOI : 10.1175/2010JCLI3171.1

S. E. Zebiak and M. A. Cane, A Model El Ni&ntilde???Southern Oscillation, Monthly Weather Review, vol.115, issue.10, pp.2262-2278, 1987.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1987)115<2262:AMENO>2.0.CO;2

N. Zeng, J. D. Neelin, and C. Chou, A Quasi-Equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model???Implementation and Simulation*, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.11, pp.1767-1796, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<1767:AQETCM>2.0.CO;2