C. Baldwin and K. Clark, Modularity in the design of complex engineering systems. Book chapter in Complex Engineering systems: Science meets technology, New England Complex System Institute Series on Complexity. Ali Minai, 2006.

T. F. Bresnahan and M. Trajtenberg, General purpose technologies ???Engines of growth????, Journal of Econometrics, vol.65, issue.1, pp.83-108, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T

A. Burgelman, Strategic management, Integrating Technology and Strategy: A general Management Perspective, 2009.

J. Cantwell and R. Qui, General Purpose Technology (GPT), firm technological diversification and the re-structure of MNC international innovation networks, 2009.

P. Caplain, L. Mirabel, and C. Rouaud, Joint d'étanchéité métallique élastique ouvert à parties saillantes désaxées, 2001.

Y. Cheng and A. H. Van-de-ven, Learning the Innovation Journey: Order out of Chaos?, Organization Science, vol.7, issue.6, pp.593-614, 1996.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.7.6.593

H. Chesbrough, W. Vanhaverbeke, and J. West, Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm: Researching a New Paradigm, 2008.

E. Danneels, The dynamics of product innovation and firm competences, Strategic Management Journal, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1095-1121, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/smj.275

P. A. David, The dynamo and the computer: an historical perspective on the modern productivity paradox, The American Economic Review, vol.80, issue.2, pp.355-361, 1990.

G. Dosi, The nature of the innovative process, pp.590-607, 1988.

K. M. Eisenhardt, Building Theories from Case Study Research, Academy of Management Review, vol.14, issue.4, pp.532-550, 1989.

K. M. Eisenhardt and B. N. Tabrizi, Accelerating adaptive processes: Product innovation in the global computer industry Administrative Science Quarterly, pp.84-110, 1995.

R. S. Farrel and T. W. Simpson, Product platform design to improve commonality in custom products, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, vol.14, issue.6, pp.541-556, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1027306704980

U. Flick, Triangulation in qualitative research A companion to qualitative research, pp.178-183, 2004.

C. Freeman and C. Perez, The diffusion of technical innovations and changes of techno-economic paradigm, 1986.

C. Freeman and L. L. Soete, The economics of industrial innovation, 1997.

A. Gambardella and A. M. Mcgahan, Business-Model Innovation: General Purpose Technologies and their Implications for Industry Structure, Long Range Planning, vol.43, issue.2-3, pp.262-271, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lrp.2009.07.009

A. Gawer, Platforms, Markets and Innovation, 2009.
DOI : 10.4337/9781849803311

C. Guizard, A. Julbe, O. Robbe, and S. Sarrade, Synthesis and oxygen transport characteristics of dense and porous cerium/gadolinium oxide materials, Catalysis Today, vol.104, issue.2-4, pp.120-125, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.03.046
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00077990

M. Iansiti and A. Maccormack, Developing products on Internet time, Harvard business review, vol.75, issue.5, p.108, 1997.

A. Kazakçi, A. Hatchuel, P. L. Masson, and B. Weil, Simulation of Design reasoning based on C-K theory: a model and an example application. International Design Conference -Design, 2010.

M. Keenan, Identifying emerging generic technologies at the national level: the UK experience, Journal of Forecasting, vol.1, issue.2-3, pp.129-160, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/for.849

P. Koen, G. Ajamian, R. Burkart, A. Clamen, J. Davidson et al., Providing clarity and a common language to the" fuzzy front end, Research-Technology Management, vol.44, issue.2, pp.46-55, 2001.

O. Kokshagina, T. Gillier, P. Cogez, A. Guemy, and M. Barthelemy, Rethinking the management of ideas contests in high-tech environment: the case of generic technology, Proceedings of the 20TH International Product Development Management Conference, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00921134

O. Kokshagina, P. Le-masson, B. Weil, and P. Cogez, Platform emergence in double unknown: common challenge strategy. R&D Management Conference, p.25, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00734111

O. Kokshagina, P. Le-masson, B. Weil, and P. Cogez, Risk Management Strategies in a highly uncertain environment: understanding the role of common unknown. International Product Development Management Conference, p.25, 2012.

C. L. Loch, M. E. Solt, and B. E. , Diagnosing Unforeseeable Uncertainty in a New Venture*, Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol.17, issue.(5, pp.28-46, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00281.x

G. Lumia, C. Perre, and J. Aracil, Procédé de traitement, et d'extraction de composés organiques du liège, par un fluide dense sous pression, Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle (INPI). C. S. SA. France. FR2798879, p.51, 1999.

G. Lynn, J. Morone, and A. Paulson, Marketing and Discontinuous Innovation: The Probe and Learn Process, California Management Review, vol.47, issue.3, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2393511

E. Maine and E. Garnsey, Commercializing generic technology: The case of advanced materials ventures, Research Policy, vol.35, issue.3, pp.375-393, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2005.12.006

F. Malerba, Sectoral systems of innovation and production, Research Policy, vol.31, issue.2, pp.247-264, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00139-1

J. Markard and B. Truffer, Technological innovation systems and the multi-level perspective: Towards an integrated framework, Research Policy, vol.37, issue.4, pp.596-615, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.004

M. H. Meyer, Revitalize your product lines through continuous platform renewal, Research Technology Management, vol.40, issue.2, pp.17-28, 1997.

M. H. Meyer and L. Lehnerd, The power of product platforms, 1997.

K. Miyazaki, Interlinkages between systems, key components and component generic technologies in building competencies, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol.7, issue.1, pp.107-120, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0160-791X(85)90027-2

K. Miyazaki, Search, Learning and Accumulation of Technological Competences; The Case of Optoelectronics, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol.3, issue.3, pp.631-654, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/icc/3.3.631

P. Moser and T. Nicholas, Was Electricity a General Purpose Technology? Evidence from Historical Patent Citations, American Economic Review, vol.94, issue.2, pp.388-394, 2004.
DOI : 10.1257/0002828041301407

R. Nelson, National innovation systems: a comparative analysis University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research, 1993.

S. E. Reid and U. Brentani, The Fuzzy Front End of New Product Development for Discontinuous Innovations: A Theoretical Model, Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol.21, issue.3, pp.170-184, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0737-6782.2004.00068.x

J. C. Rochet and J. Tirole, Platform Competition in Two-Sided Markets, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol.1, issue.4, pp.990-1029, 2003.
DOI : 10.1162/154247603322493212

N. Rosenberg, Inside the black box: technology and economics, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511611940

C. Rouaud, Le joint Helicoflex : La petite histoire d'une innovation [The helicoflex joint: Little story of an innovation, p.32, 1997.

C. Rouaud and P. Caplain, Joint d'étanchéité métallique élastique, Institut National de la Propriété Industrielle (INPI) Bulletin 03/30. C. Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique. France. FR2823825, p.15, 2001.

S. D. Sarasvathy and N. Dew, New market creation through transformation, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol.15, issue.5, pp.533-565, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00191-005-0264-x

S. Sarrade, C. Guizard, and G. Rios, Membrane technology and supercritical fluids: chemical engineering for coupled processes, Desalination, vol.144, issue.1-3, pp.137-142, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00302-8

S. Sarrade, C. Guizard, and G. Rios, New applications of supercritical fluids and supercritical fluids processes in separation, Separation and Purification Technology, vol.32, issue.1-3, pp.57-63, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5866(03)00054-6

S. Sarrade, G. Rios, and M. Carles, Nanofiltration membrane behavior in a supercritical medium, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.114, issue.1, pp.81-91, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(95)00308-8

S. Sarrade, G. Rios, and M. Carles, Supercritical CO2 extraction coupled with nanofiltration separationApplications to natural products, Separation and Purification Technology, vol.14, issue.1-3, pp.19-25, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5866(98)00056-2

S. Sarrade, G. M. Rios, and M. Carlès, Dynamic characterization and transport mechanisms of two inorganic membranes for nanofiltration, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.97, pp.155-166, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0376-7388(94)00158-U

M. A. Schilling, TECHNOLOGY SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN WINNER-TAKE-ALL MARKETS: THE IMPACT OF LEARNING ORIENTATION, TIMING, AND NETWORK EXTERNALITIES., Academy of Management Journal, vol.45, issue.2, pp.387-398, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/3069353

J. A. Schumpeter and R. Fels, Business cycles, 1939.
DOI : 10.1522/030021081

S. A. Shane, Academic entrepreneurship: University spinoffs and wealth creation, 2004.
DOI : 10.4337/9781843769828

C. M. Shea, R. Grinde, and B. Elmslie, Nanotechnology as general-purpose technology: empirical evidence and implications, Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol.2, issue.2, pp.175-192, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s10961-007-9030-6

. Siggelkow, Persuasion with case studies, Revista Eletr??nica de Estrat??gia & Neg??cios, vol.1, issue.1, pp.20-24, 2007.
DOI : 10.19177/reen.v1e120081-9

S. C. Sommer, C. H. Loch, and J. Dong, Managing Complexity and Unforeseeable Uncertainty in Startup Companies: An Empirical Study, Organization Science, vol.20, issue.1, pp.118-133, 2009.
DOI : 10.1287/orsc.1080.0369
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00491684

G. Thoma, Striving for a large market: evidence from a general purpose technology in action, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol.18, issue.1, pp.107-138, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/icc/dtn050

R. Tierney, W. Hermina, and P. D. Walsh, The pharmaceutical technology landscape: A new form of technology roadmapping, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol.80, issue.2, pp.194-211, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.techfore.2012.05.002

A. H. Van-de-ven, D. E. Polley, R. Garud, and S. Venkataraman, The innovation journey, 1999.

P. Wang, Rigid flexibility: the logic of intelligence, 2006.

J. West and S. Gallagher, Challenges of open innovation: the paradox of firm investment in open-source software, R and D Management, vol.14, issue.2, pp.319-331, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00052-0

R. K. Yin, Case study research: Design and methods, 2009.

J. Youtie, M. Iacopetta, and S. Graham, Assessing the nature of nanotechnology: can we uncover an emerging general purpose technology?, The Journal of Technology Transfer, vol.22, issue.6, pp.315-329, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10961-007-9030-6