J. Ahtiainen, P. Vanhala, and A. Myllymaki, Effects of different plant protection programs on soil microbes, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.54, issue.1, pp.56-64, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00020-9

T. Anderson and K. Domsch, Determination of eco-physiological maintenance requirements of soil microorganisms in a dormant state, Biol Fertil Soils, vol.1, pp.81-90, 1985.

S. Avrahami, W. Liesack, and R. Conrad, Effects of temperature and fertilizer on activity and community structure of soil ammonia oxidizers, Environmental Microbiology, vol.96, issue.8, pp.691-705, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00457.x

C. Beigel, M. Charnay, and E. Barriuso, Degradation of formulated and unformulated triticonazole fungicide in soil: effect of application rate, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.4, pp.525-559, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00127-8

G. Bending, S. Lincoln, and R. Edmondson, Spatial variation in the degradation rate of the pesticides isoproturon, azoxystrobin and diflufenican in soil and its relationship with chemical and microbial properties, Environmental Pollution, vol.139, issue.2, pp.279-87, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.05.011

J. ?ernohlávková, J. Jarkovský, and J. Hofman, Effects of fungicides mancozeb and dinocap on carbon and nitrogen mineralization in soils, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.72, issue.1, pp.80-85, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.001

Y. Chang, A. Hussain, J. Stephen, M. Mullen, D. White et al., Impact of herbicides on the abundance and structure of indigenous ??-subgroup ammonia-oxidizer communities in soil microcosms, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.175, issue.11, pp.2462-2470, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620201110

S. Chen and C. Edwards, A microcosm approach to assess the effects of fungicides on soil ecological processes and plant growth: comparisons of two soil types, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.33, issue.14, pp.1982-91, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00132-8

S. Chen, C. Edwards, and S. Subler, Effects of the fungicides benomyl, captan and chlorothalonil on soil microbial activity and nitrogen dynamics in laboratory incubations, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.33, issue.14, pp.1971-80, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00131-6

O. Crouzet, I. Batisson, P. Besse-hoggan, F. Bonnemoy, C. Bardot et al., Response of soil microbial communities to the herbicide mesotrione: A dose-effect microcosm approach, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.42, issue.2, pp.193-202, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.10.016

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00444981

M. Cyco?, Z. Piotrowska-seget, A. Kaczy?ska, and J. Kozdrój, Microbiological characteristics of a sandy loam soil exposed to tebuconazole and ??-cyhalothrin under laboratory conditions, Ecotoxicology, vol.5, issue.8, pp.639-685, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10646-006-0099-8

M. Cyco?, Z. Piotrowska-seget, and J. Kozdrój, Microbial characteristics of sandy soils exposed to diazinon under laboratory conditions, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.18, issue.3, pp.409-427, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11274-009-0183-3

M. Devare, L. Lm, and J. Thies, Neither transgenic Bt maize (MON863) nor tefluthrin insecticide adversely affect soil microbial activity or biomass: A 3-year field analysis, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, issue.8, pp.2038-2085, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.03.004

H. Di, K. Cameron, J. Shen, C. Winefield, M. Callaghan et al., Nitrification driven by bacteria and not archaea in nitrogen-rich grassland soils, Nature Geoscience, vol.63, issue.9, pp.621-625, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/ngeo613

R. Dick, C. Pankhurst, B. Doube, and V. Gupta, Soil enzyme activities as integrative indicators of soil health Biological indicators of soil health, Wallingford UK: CAB International, pp.121-56, 1997.

L. Epelde, J. Becerril, J. Hernández-allica, O. Barrutia, and C. Garbisu, Functional diversity as indicator of the recovery of soil health derived from Thlaspi caerulescens growth and metal phytoextraction, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.299-310, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.01.005

L. Epelde, I. Mijangos, J. Becerril, and C. Garbisu, Soil microbial community as bioindicator of the recovery of soil functioning derived from metal phytoextraction with sorghum, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.41, issue.9, pp.1788-94, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.04.001

A. Felsot and E. Dzantor, Effect of alachlor concentration and an organic amendment on soil dehydrogenase activity and pesticide degradation rate, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.29, issue.1, pp.23-31, 1995.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620140104

A. Franzluebbers, Potential C and N mineralization and microbial biomass from intact and increasingly disturbed soils of varying texture, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1083-90, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00022-X

C. Garbisu, I. Alkorta, and L. Epelde, Assessment of soil quality using microbial properties and attributes of ecological relevance, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.49, pp.1-4, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.04.018

R. Grant, T. Daniell, and W. Betts, Isolation and identification of synthetic pyrethroid-degrading bacteria, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.345, issue.3, pp.534-574, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05365-X

C. Guo, J. Li, and B. Guo, Determination and Safety Evaluation of Difenoconazole Residues in Apples and Soils, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.427-458, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00128-010-0104-z

S. Jeffery, C. Gardi, A. Jones, L. Montanarella, L. Marmo et al., European Atlas of soil biodiversity. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union, 2010.

Z. Jia and R. Conrad, dominate microbial ammonia oxidation in an agricultural soil, Environmental Microbiology, vol.297, issue.7, pp.1658-71, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01891.x

K. Johnsen, C. Jacobsen, V. Torsvik, and J. Sørensen, Pesticide effects on bacterial diversity in agricultural soils - a review, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.33, issue.6, pp.443-53, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s003740100351

E. Kandeler and H. Gerber, Short-term assay of soil urease activity using colorimetric determination of ammonium, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.6, issue.1, pp.68-72, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00257924

T. Katagi, Surfactant effects on environmental behaviour of pesticides, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol, vol.194, pp.71-177, 2008.

H. Kawahigashi, S. Hirose, E. Hayashi, H. Ohkawa, and Y. Ohkawa, Phytotoxicity and metabolism of ethofumesate in transgenic rice plants expressing the human CYP2B6 gene, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.74, issue.3, pp.139-186, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-3575(02)00153-0

K. Krogh, B. Halling-sørensen, B. Mogensen, and K. Vejrup, Environmental properties and effects of nonionic surfactant adjuvants in pesticides: a review, Chemosphere, vol.50, issue.7, pp.871-901, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00648-3

S. Lee, J. Gan, J. Kim, J. Kabashima, and D. Crowley, MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES IN AQUEOUS AND SEDIMENT PHASES, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.23, issue.1, pp.1-6, 2004.
DOI : 10.1897/03-114

S. Leininger, T. Urich, M. Schloter, L. Schwark, J. Qi et al., Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils, Nature, vol.36, issue.7104, pp.806-815, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.82.20.6955

L. Lucini, P. Magistrati, and G. Molinari, Residues of a Triazole Fungicide in Soil After 4??Years of Application to Sugar Beet, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.19, issue.3, pp.13-21, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s11270-008-9954-y

I. Mijangos, J. Becerril, I. Albizu, L. Epelde, and C. Garbisu, Effects of glyphosate on rhizosphere soil microbial communities under two different plant compositions by cultivation-dependent and -independent methodologies, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.41, issue.3, pp.505-518, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.12.009

I. Mijangos, I. Albizu, L. Epelde, I. Amezaga, S. Mendarte et al., Effects of liming on soil properties and plant performance of temperate mountainous grasslands, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.91, issue.10, pp.2066-74, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.05.011

A. Monkiedje, M. Spiteller, S. Maniepi, and P. Sukul, Influence of metalaxyl- and mefenoxam-based fungicides on chemical and biochemical attributes of soil quality under field conditions in a southern humid forest zone of Cameroon, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, issue.4, pp.836-878, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.10.002

C. Munier-lamy and O. Borde, Effect of a triazole fungicide on the cellulose decomposition by the soil microflora, Chemosphere, vol.41, issue.7, pp.1029-1064, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00512-3

B. Muñoz-leoz, C. Garbisu, I. Antigüedad, M. Alonso, R. Alonso et al., Deltamethrin Degradation and Soil Microbial Activity in a Riparian Wetland Soil, Soil Science, vol.174, issue.4, pp.220-228, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/SS.0b013e3181a09ea8

B. Muñoz-leoz, E. Ruiz-romera, I. Antigüedad, and C. Garbisu, Tebuconazole application decreases soil microbial biomass and activity, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.43, issue.10, pp.2176-83, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.07.001

B. Muñoz-leoz, C. Garbisu, I. Antigüedad, and E. Ruiz-romera, Fertilization can modify the non-target effects of pesticides on soil microbial communities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.48, pp.125-159, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.01.021

P. Nannipieri, E. Kandeler, and P. Ruggiero, Enzyme activities and microbiological and biochemical processes in soil, Enzymes in the environment. activity, ecology and applications, pp.1-33, 2002.

R. Niemi, I. Heiskanen, J. Ahtiainen, A. Rahkonen, K. Mäntykoski et al., Microbial toxicity and impacts on soil enzyme activities of pesticides used in potato cultivation, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.41, issue.3, pp.293-304, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.12.002

J. Pereira, S. Antunes, B. Castro, C. Marques, A. Gonçalves et al., Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient, Ecotoxicology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.455-63, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10646-009-0300-y

R. Powers, Mineralizable Soil Nitrogen as an Index of Nitrogen Availability to Forest Trees1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.44, issue.6, pp.1314-1334, 1980.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400060037x

P. Rice, T. Anderson, and J. Coats, Degradation and persistence of metolachlor in soil: Effects of concentration, soil moisture, soil depth, and sterilization, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.30, issue.12, pp.2640-2648, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620211216

T. Roberts, Metabolic pathways for agrochemicals ? part II: insecticides and fungicides, 1998.

G. Rodríguez-loinaz, M. Onaindia, I. Amezaga, I. Mijangos, and C. Garbisu, Relationship between vegetation diversity and soil functional diversity in native mixed-oak forests, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.40, issue.1, pp.49-60, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.04.015

F. Sáez, C. Pozo, M. Gómez, B. Rodelas, and J. González-lópez, GROWTH AND NITRITE AND NITROUS OXIDE ACCUMULATION OF PARACOCCUS DENITRIFICANS ATCC 19367 IN THE PRESENCE OF SELECTED PESTICIDES, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.22, issue.9, pp.1993-2000, 2003.
DOI : 10.1897/02-351

C. Schleper and G. Nicol, Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria ? physiology, ecology and evolution, Advances in microbial physiology, 2010.

K. Siimes, S. Rämo, L. Welling, U. Nikunen, and P. Laitinen, Comparison of the behaviour of three herbicides in a field experiment under bare soil conditions, Agricultural Water Management, vol.84, issue.1-2, pp.53-64, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agwat.2006.01.007

M. ?imek, D. Elhottová, and D. Hopkins, What is the so-called optimum pH for denitrification in soil?, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.34, issue.9, pp.1227-1261, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00059-7

D. Sparks, A. Page, P. Helmke, R. Loeppert, P. Soltanpour et al., Methods of soil analysis: part 3. Chem methodsMadison, WI, SPSS statistical software for Windows, version 17.0. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.; 2010. STATISTICA statistical software for Windows, 1996.

J. Taylor, B. Wilson, and M. Mills, Comparison of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities in surface soils and subsoils using various techniques, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.34, issue.3, pp.387-401, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00199-7

Y. Wang, Y. Huang, W. Chen, and J. Yen, Effect of carbendazim and pencycuron on soil bacterial community, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.172, issue.1, pp.84-91, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.142

A. Widenfalk, J. Svensson, and W. Goedkoop, EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDES CAPTAN, DELTAMETHRIN, ISOPROTURON, AND PIRIMICARB ON THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY OF A FRESHWATER SEDIMENT, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.23, issue.8, pp.1920-1927, 2004.
DOI : 10.1897/03-345

J. Yeomans and J. Bremner, Denitrification in soil: Effects of insecticides and fungicides, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.17, issue.4, pp.453-459, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90008-2

J. Yeomans and J. Bremner, Denitrification in soil: Effects of herbicides, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.17, issue.4, pp.447-52, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(85)90007-0

M. Zabaloy, J. Garland, and M. Gómez, An integrated approach to evaluate the impacts of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D and metsulfuron-methyl on soil microbial communities in the Pampas region, Argentina, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2008.02.004