S. Fisher and G. Likens, Energy Flow in Bear Brook, New Hampshire: An Integrative Approach to Stream Ecosystem Metabolism, Ecological Monographs, vol.43, issue.4, pp.421-439, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/1942301

N. Kaushik and H. Hynes, Experimental study on the role of autumn shed leaves in aquatic environments, J. Ecol, vol.52, pp.229-243, 1968.

J. Webster and J. Meyer, Organic Matter Budgets for Streams: A Synthesis, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.16, issue.1, pp.141-161, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/1468247

G. Herbst, Effects of Burial on Food Value and Consumption of Leaf Detritus by Aquatic Invertebrates in a Lowland Forest Stream, Oikos, vol.35, issue.3, pp.411-424, 1980.
DOI : 10.2307/3544658

G. Metzler and L. Smock, Storage and Dynamics of Subsurface Detritus in a Sand-Bottomed Stream, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.47, issue.3, pp.588-594, 1990.
DOI : 10.1139/f90-067

M. Naegeli, U. Hartmann, E. Meyer, and U. Uehlinger, POMdynamics and community respiration in the sediments of a floodprone prealpine river (Necker, Switzerland), Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.133, pp.339-347, 1995.

T. Orghidan, Ein neuer Lebensraum des unterirdischen Wassers: der hyporheische Biotop, Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.55, pp.392-414, 1959.

J. Cornut, A. Elger, A. Greugny, M. Bonnet, and E. Chauvet, Coarse particulate organic matter in the interstitial zone of three French headwater streams, Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology, vol.48, issue.3, pp.303-313, 2012.
DOI : 10.1051/limn/2012019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00958511

N. Kaushik and H. Hynes, The fate of the dead leaves that fall into streams, Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.68, pp.465-515, 1971.

F. Bärlocher and B. Kendrick, Hyphomycetes as intermediaries of energy flow in streams, Recent advances in aquatic mycology. Elek, pp.435-446, 1976.

F. Bärlocher, The role of fungi in the nutrition of stream invertebrates, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, vol.91, issue.1-2, pp.83-94, 1985.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01137.x

K. Suberkropp, Interaction with invertebrates The ecology of aquatic hyphomycetes, pp.118-134, 1992.

V. Gulis, K. Kuehn, and K. Suberkropp, Fungi, Encyclopedia of inland waters, pp.233-243, 2009.

M. Gessner, Litter breakdown in rivers and streams, Limnética, vol.13, pp.33-44, 1997.

S. Findlay and T. Arsuffi, Microbial growth and detritus transformations during decomposition of leaf litter in a stream, Freshwater Biology, vol.53, issue.2, pp.261-269, 1989.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.17.1.567

K. Suberkropp, Relationships between growth and sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes on decomposing leaf litter, Mycological Research, vol.95, issue.7, pp.843-850, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80048-8

K. Sridhar and F. Bärlocher, Initial Colonization, Nutrient Supply, and Fungal Activity on Leaves Decaying in Streams, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.66, issue.3, pp.1114-1119, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.66.3.1114-1119.2000

S. Iqbal and J. Webster, The trapping of aquatic hyphomycete spores by air bubbles, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol.60, issue.1, pp.37-48, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1536(73)80057-9

J. Webster and E. Descals, Morphology, distribution, and ecology of spore fungi in freshwater habitats Biology of spore fungi, pp.295-355, 1981.

F. Bärlocher, Research on aquatic hyphomycetes: historical background and overview The ecology of aquatic hyphomycetes, pp.1-11, 1992.

K. Suberkropp, Annual production of leaf-decaying fungi in a woodland stream, Freshwater Biology, vol.38, issue.1, pp.169-178, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00203.x

F. Bärlocher, Reproduction and dispersal in aquatic hyphomycetes, Mycoscience, vol.50, issue.1, pp.3-8, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/S10267-008-0449-X

K. Sridhar and F. Bärlocher, Water chemistry and sporulation by aquatic hyphomycetes, Mycological Research, vol.101, issue.5, pp.591-596, 1997.
DOI : 10.1017/S0953756296003024

J. Cornut, A. Elger, D. Lambrigot, P. Marmonier, and E. Chauvet, Early stages of leaf decomposition are mediated by aquatic fungi in the hyporheic zone of woodland streams, Freshwater Biology, vol.17, issue.12, pp.2541-2556, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02483.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00553546

C. Dang, M. Gessner, and E. Chauvet, Influence of conidial traits and leaf structure on attachment success of aquatic hyphomycetes on leaf litter, Mycologia, vol.99, issue.1, pp.24-32, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/15572536.2007.11832597
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01302323

J. Webster, Convergent evolution and the functional significance of spore shape in aquatic and semi-aquatic fungi, Evolutionary biology of the fungi, pp.191-201, 1987.

S. Kearns and F. Bärlocher, Leaf surface roughness influences colonization success of aquatic hyphomycete conidia, Fungal Ecology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.13-18, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.funeco.2007.07.001

S. Navel, F. Mermillod-blondin, B. Montuelle, E. Chauvet, L. Simon et al., Water???Sediment Exchanges Control Microbial Processes Associated with Leaf Litter Degradation in the Hyporheic Zone: a Microcosm Study, Microbial Ecology, vol.27, issue.236, pp.968-979, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-010-9774-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00621064

A. Medeiros, C. Pascoal, and M. Graça, Diversity and activity of aquatic fungi under low oxygen conditions, Freshwater Biology, vol.59, issue.1, pp.142-149, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.02101.x

M. Rajashekhar and K. Kaveriappa, Diversity of aquatic hyphomycetes in the aquatic ecosystems of the Western Ghats of India, Hydrobiologia, vol.501, issue.1/3, pp.167-177, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1026239917232

J. Field and J. Webster, Anaerobic survival of aquatic fungi, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol.81, issue.2, pp.365-369, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1536(83)80088-6

B. Laitung, J. Pretty, E. Chauvet, and M. Dobson, Response of aquatic hyphomycete communities to enhanced stream retention in areas impacted by commercial forestry, Freshwater Biology, vol.22, issue.2, pp.313-324, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.17.1.567
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00941110

C. Baxter, R. Hauer, and W. Woessner, Measuring Groundwater???Stream Water Exchange: New Techniques for Installing Minipiezometers and Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, vol.27, issue.3, pp.493-5021548, 2003.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00228.x

E. Chauvet, Hyphomycètes aquatiques du sud-ouest de la France, Gaussenia, vol.6, pp.3-31, 1990.

V. Gulis, L. Marvanová, and E. Descals, An Illustrated Key to the Common Temperate Species of Aquatic Hyphomycetes, Methods to study litter decomposition?a practical guide, pp.185-188, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-3466-0_21

C. Griebler, Some applications for the DMSO-reduction method as a new tool to determine the microbial activity in water-saturated sediments, Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.113, pp.405-410, 1996.

F. Mermillod-blondin, L. Mauclaire, and B. Montuelle, Use of slow filtration columns to assess oxygen respiration, consumption of dissolved organic carbon, nitrogen transformations, and microbial parameters in hyporheic sediments, Water Research, vol.39, issue.9, pp.1687-1698, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2005.02.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00153692

S. Navel, F. Mermillod-blondin, B. Montuelle, E. Chauvet, L. Simon et al., Interactions between fauna and sediment control the breakdown of plant matter in river sediments, Freshwater Biology, vol.32, issue.4, pp.753-766, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02315.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00464218

C. Claret, P. Marmonier, and J. Bravard, Seasonal dynamics of nutrient and biofilm in interstitial habitats of two contrasting riffles in a regulated large river, Aquatic Sciences, vol.60, issue.1, pp.33-55, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s000270050025

B. Laitung and E. Chauvet, Vegetation diversity increases species richness of leaf-decaying fungal communities in woodland streams, Archiv f??r Hydrobiologie, vol.164, issue.2, pp.217-2350003, 2005.
DOI : 10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0164-0217

K. Suberkropp and E. Chauvet, Regulation of Leaf Breakdown by Fungi in Streams: Influences of Water Chemistry, Ecology, vol.76, issue.5, pp.1433-1445, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/1938146
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01308033

F. Triska, J. Duff, and R. Avanzino, The role of water exchange between a stream channel and its hyporheic zone in nitrogen cycling at the terrestrial-aquatic interface, Hydrobiologia, vol.4, issue.1-3, pp.167-184, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00007177

J. Morrice, C. Dahm, and H. Valett, Terminal electron accepting processes in the alluvial sediments of a headwater stream, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.19, issue.4, pp.593-608, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/1468119

R. Peet, Relative Diversity Indices, Ecology, vol.56, issue.2, pp.496-498, 1975.
DOI : 10.2307/1934984

H. Wolda, Similarity indices, sample size and diversity, Oecologia, vol.112, issue.3, pp.296-302, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00344966

P. Legendre and L. Legendre, Numerical ecology, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00530195

S. Inc, Statistica 6.0, electronic statistics textbook, 2001.

R. Development and C. Team, R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2007.

F. Bärlocher and J. Murdoch, Hyporheic biofilms ??? a potential food source for interstitial animals, Hydrobiologia, vol.195, issue.1-2, pp.61-67, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00014302

F. Bärlocher, L. Nikolcheva, K. Wilson, and D. Williams, Fungi in the Hyporheic Zone of a Springbrook, Microbial Ecology, vol.11, issue.4, pp.708-715, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-006-9102-4

F. Bärlocher, S. Seena, K. Wilson, and D. Williams, Raised water temperature lowers diversity of hyporheic aquatic hyphomycetes, Freshwater Biology, vol.67, issue.0, pp.368-379, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00007178

J. Smith and P. Lake, The breakdown of buried and surface-placed leaf litter in an upland stream, Hydrobiologia, vol.96, issue.3, pp.141-148, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00005411

G. Krauss, K. Sridhar, K. Jung, R. Wennrich, J. Ehrman et al., Aquatic hyphomycetes in polluted groundwater habitats of central Germany, Microb. Ecol, vol.45, pp.329-339, 2003.

D. Park, Accumulation of fungi by cellulose exposed in a river, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol.63, issue.3, pp.437-447, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1536(74)80090-2

G. Knudsen and J. Stack, Modeling growth and dispersal of fungi in natural environments, Handbook of applied mycology. Marcel Dekker, pp.625-645, 1991.

S. Read, S. Moss, and E. Jones, Attachment and germination of spore The ecology of aquatic hyphomycetes, pp.135-151, 1992.

P. Cox, Search Theory, Random Motion, and the Convergent Evolution of Pollen and Spore Morphology in Aquatic Plants, The American Naturalist, vol.121, issue.1, pp.9-31, 1983.
DOI : 10.1086/284037

H. Frost, ONR technical report no. 6. Division of Applied Sciences, 1978.

J. Nimmo, Porosity and pore size distribution Encyclopedia of soils in the environment, pp.295-303, 2004.

E. Parmasto and I. Parmasto, Size and shape of basidiospores in the Hymenomycetes, Mycol. Helv, vol.5, pp.47-78, 1992.

H. Kauserud, J. Colman, and L. Ryvarden, Relationship between basidiospore size, shape and life history characteristics: a comparison of polypores, Fungal Ecology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.19-23, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.funeco.2007.12.001

M. Fischer, S. Rybczynski, J. Cui, Y. Money, and N. , How far and how fast can mushroom spores fly? Physical limits on ballistospore size and discharge distance in the Basidiomycota, Fungal Biology, vol.114, issue.8, pp.669-675, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.06.002

T. Hussein, V. Norros, J. Hakala, T. Petäjä, P. Aalto et al., Species traits and inertial deposition of fungal spores, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.61, pp.81-98, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2013.03.004

H. Valett, S. Fisher, and E. Stanley, Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Hyporheic Zone of a Sonoran Desert Stream, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.9, issue.3, pp.201-215, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/1467584

A. Boulton, S. Findlay, P. Marmonier, E. Stanley, and H. Valett, THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HYPORHEIC ZONE IN STREAMS AND RIVERS, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, vol.29, issue.1, pp.59-81, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.59

F. Mermillod-blondin, C. Des-chatelliers, M. Marmonier, P. Dole-olivier, and M. , Distribution of solutes, microbes and invertebrates in river sediments along a riffle-pool-riffle sequence, Freshwater Biology, vol.251, issue.2, pp.255-269, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-5347(96)10013-6

P. Marmonier, H. Luczyszyn, C. Des-châtelliers, M. Landon, N. Claret et al., Hyporheic flowpaths and interstitial invertebrates associated with stable and eroded river sections: interactions between micro- and meso-scales, Fundamental and Applied Limnology / Archiv f??r Hydrobiologie, vol.176, issue.4, pp.303-3171863, 2010.
DOI : 10.1127/1863-9135/2010/0176-0303
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00521613

D. Strayer, S. May, P. Nielsen, W. Wollheim, and S. Hausam, Oxygen, organic matter, and sediment granulometry as controls on hyporheic animal communities, Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.140, pp.131-144, 1997.

H. Chergui and E. Pattee, The dynamics of Hyphomycetes on decaying leaves in the network of the River Rhône (France), Arch. Hydrobiol, vol.114, pp.3-20, 1988.

C. Pascoal, M. Pinho, F. Cássio, and P. Gomes, Assessing structural and functional ecosystem condition using leaf breakdown: studies on a polluted river, Freshwater Biology, vol.15, issue.11, pp.2033-2044, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1018513530268

C. Pascoal and F. Cássio, Contribution of Fungi and Bacteria to Leaf Litter Decomposition in a Polluted River, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.70, issue.9, pp.5266-5273, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/AEM.70.9.5266-5273.2004

J. Webster and F. Towfik, Sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes in relation to aeration, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol.59, issue.3, pp.353-364, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1536(72)80117-7

J. Webster, Further studies of sporulation of aquatic hyphomycetes in relation to aeration, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol.64, issue.1, pp.119-127, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1536(75)80082-9

P. Sanders and J. Webster, Sporulation responses of some ???aquatic hyphomycetes??? in flowing water, Transactions of the British Mycological Society, vol.74, issue.3, pp.601-605, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80062-3

M. Danger, J. Cornut, A. Elger, and E. Chauvet, Effects of burial on leaf litter quality, microbial conditioning and palatability to three shredder taxa, Freshwater Biology, vol.4, issue.5, pp.1017-1030, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2012.02762.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00955458

J. Cornut, H. Clivot, E. Chauvet, A. Elger, C. Pagnout et al., Effect of acidification on leaf litter decomposition in benthic and hyporheic zones of woodland streams, Water Research, vol.46, issue.19, pp.6430-6444, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.023
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00936683