J. Alteyrac, A. Cloutier, and S. Y. Zhang, Characterization of juvenile wood to mature wood transition age in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) at different stand densities and sampling heights, Wood Science and Technology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.124-138, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00226-005-0047-4

M. Antal and M. M. Micko, Variation and field estimation of wood quality parameters for black spruce, Holzforsch. Holzverw, vol.46, pp.70-72, 1994.

H. H. Bosshard, The structure of spruce wood from different sites, Schweizer Zeitung für Forstwesen, vol.112, pp.317-332, 1961.

D. Cown, Understanding and managing wood quality for improving product value in New Zealand, N. Z. J. For. Sci, vol.35, pp.205-220, 2005.

M. P. Denne, Definition of Latewood According to Mork (1928), IAWA Journal, vol.10, issue.1, pp.59-62, 1928.
DOI : 10.1163/22941932-90001112

A. Deslauriers and H. Morin, Intra-annual tracheid production in balsam fir stems and the effect of meteorological variables, Trees, vol.2, issue.4, pp.402-408, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00468-004-0398-8

A. Deslauriers, H. Morin, and Y. Begin, in the Quebec boreal forest (Canada), Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.33, issue.2, pp.190-200, 2003.
DOI : 10.1139/x02-178

G. M. Downes and D. M. Drew, Climate and growth influences on wood formation and utilisation, Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science, vol.70, issue.2, pp.155-167, 2008.
DOI : 10.2989/SOUTH.FOR.2008.70.2.11.539

G. M. Downes, R. Wimmer, and R. Evans, Understanding wood formation: gains to commercial forestry through tree-ring research, Dendrochronologia, vol.20, issue.1-2, pp.37-51, 2002.
DOI : 10.1078/1125-7865-00006

D. M. Drew and G. M. Downes, The use of precision dendrometers in research on daily stem size and wood property variation: A review, Dendrochronologia, vol.27, issue.2, pp.159-172, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.dendro.2009.06.008

J. L. Farrar and C. R. Barnfield, Localized heating and cooling effects on wood development of White Spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Extr. From Rep. Res. For. Bot. Glendon Hall Fac. For. Univ, 1969.

D. C. Fayle, Radial growth in tree roots-distribution, timing, anatomy. Faculty of Forestry, 1968.

H. C. Fritts, S. Shashkin, and G. M. Downes, A simulation model of conifer ring growth and cell structure Tree-ring analysis: biological, methodological and environmental aspects, 1999.

R. Gagnon, Maintien après feu de limites abruptes entre des peuplements d'épinettes noires (Picea mariana) et des formations de feuillus intolérants (Populus tremuloides et Betula papyrifera) dans la région du Saguenay, Nat. Can, vol.116, pp.117-124, 1989.

B. L. Gartner, Trees Have Higher Longitudinal Growth Strains in Their Stems Than in Their Roots, International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol.158, issue.4, pp.418-423, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/297451

M. K. Hughes, Dendrochronology in climatology ??? the state of the art, Dendrochronologia, vol.20, issue.1-2, pp.95-116, 2002.
DOI : 10.1078/1125-7865-00011

M. Ivkovich, G. Namkoong, and M. Koshy, Genetic variation in wood properties of interior spruce. II. Tracheid characteristics, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.32, issue.12, pp.2128-2139, 2002.
DOI : 10.1139/x02-139

C. Krause and D. Eckstein, Dendrochronology of roots, 1993.

C. Krause and H. Morin, Impact of spruce budworm defoliation on the number of latewood tracheids in balsam fir and black spruce, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.25, issue.12, pp.2029-2034, 1995.
DOI : 10.1139/x95-219

C. Krause and H. Morin, Tree-ring patterns in stems and root systems of black spruce (<i>Picea mariana</i>) caused by spruce budworms, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1583-1591, 1999.
DOI : 10.1139/cjfr-29-10-1583

M. D. Mitchell and M. P. Denne, Variation in density of Picea sitchensis in relation to within-tree trends in tracheid diameter and wall thickness, Forestry, vol.70, issue.1, pp.47-60, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/forestry/70.1.47

S. D. Richardson and J. M. Dinwoodie, Studies on the physiology of xylem development. I. The effect of night temperature on tracheid size and wood density in conifers, J. I. Wood Sci, vol.6, pp.3-13, 1964.

H. Riedl, Bau und Leistung des Wurzelholzes, Jahrbücher für wissenschaftliche Botanik, vol.85, pp.1-75, 1937.

S. Rossi, T. Anfodillo, and R. Menardi, Trephor: A New Tool for Sampling Microcores from tree stems, IAWA Journal, vol.27, issue.1, pp.89-97, 2006.
DOI : 10.1163/22941932-90000139

S. Rossi, A. Deslauriers, and T. Anfodillo, Assessment of Cambial Activity and Xylogenesis by Microsampling Tree Species: An Example at the Alpine Timberline, IAWA Journal, vol.27, issue.4, pp.383-394, 2006.
DOI : 10.1163/22941932-90000161

S. Rossi, A. Deslauriers, T. Anfodillo, H. Morin, A. Saracino et al., Conifers in cold environments synchronize maximum growth rate of tree-ring formation with day length, New Phytologist, vol.21, issue.2, pp.301-310, 2006.
DOI : 10.1139/x01-208

S. Rossi, A. Deslauriers, J. Gri?ar, J. Seo, C. B. Rathgeber et al., Critical temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers of cold climates, Global Ecology and Biogeography, vol.27, issue.6, pp.696-707, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00417.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01195112

E. Schulman, Root growth-ring and chronology. Tree-Ring Bull, pp.2-5, 1945.

C. L. Stevens, Root growth of white pine (Pinus strobus L.), pp.1-32, 1931.

J. L. St-germain and C. Krause, across the continuous boreal forest in Quebec, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1397-1405, 2008.
DOI : 10.1139/X08-008

M. Thibeault-martel, L'activité cambiale et la xylogenèse entre les tiges et les racines de l'épinette noire (Picea mariana (Mill, BSP) et du sapin baumier (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.). M.S. thesis, 2007.

M. Thibeault-martel, C. Krause, H. Morin, and S. Rossi, Cambial Activity and Intra-annual Xylem Formation in Roots and Stems of Abies balsamea and Picea mariana, Annals of Botany, vol.102, issue.5, pp.667-674, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/aob/mcn146

R. Trendelenburg and H. Mayer-wegelin, Das Holz als Rohstoff, 1955.

A. Turcotte, H. Morin, C. Krause, A. Deslauriers, and M. Thibeault-martel, The timing of spring rehydration and its relation with the onset of wood formation in black spruce, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.149, issue.9, pp.1403-1409, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.010

E. A. Vaganov, I. V. Sviderskaya, and K. E. , Weather conditions and structure of the annual rings of tree: simulation model of tracheidogram, Lesovedenie, vol.2, pp.37-45, 1990.

R. Wimmer, G. M. Downes, and R. Evans, Effet du site sur les propri??t??s des fibres, de la p??te et des feuilles d???essai d???Eucalyptus globulus, Annals of Forest Science, vol.49, issue.6, p.602, 2008.
DOI : 10.1051/forest:2008039

M. Wisniewki and E. N. Ashoworth, A Comparison of Seasonal Ultrastructural Changes in Stem Tissues of Peach (Prunus persica) that Exhibit Contrasting Mechanisms of Cold Hardiness, Botanical Gazette, vol.147, issue.4, pp.407-417, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/337608