H. J. Bandelt, P. Forster, and A. Rohl, Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.16, issue.1, pp.37-48, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036

V. Becquet, I. Lanneluc, B. Simon-bouhet, and P. Garcia, Microsatellite markers for the Baltic clam, Macoma balthica (Linn??, 1758), a key species concerned by changing southern limit, in exploited littoral ecosystems, Conservation Genetics Resources, vol.606, issue.1, pp.265-267, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s12686-009-9065-0

V. Becquet, B. Simon-bouhet, E. Pante, H. Hummel, and P. Garcia, Glacial refugium versus range 251 limit: conservation genetics of Macoma balthica, a key species in the Bay, Biscay, 2012.

K. Belkhir, P. Borsa, P. Chikhi, N. Raufaste, and F. Bonhomme, GENETIX 4.05, logiciel sous 254 windows pour la génétique des populations, pp.255-5000, 1996.

O. Hoegh-guldberg, Genetic divergence across habitats in the widespread coral 258, 2010.

I. Cassens, K. Van-waerebeek, P. B. Best, E. A. Crespo, J. Reyes et al., The 260 phylogeography of dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus): a critical examination of 261 network methods and rooting procedures, Molecular Ecology, vol.12, p.17811792, 2003.

H. Cederwall and R. Elmgren, Biomass increase of benthic macrofauna demonstrates 263 eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, Ophelia, pp.287-204, 1980.

J. M. Cornuet, S. Piry, G. Luikart, A. Estoup, and M. Solignac, New methods employing multilocus 265 genotypes to select or exclude populations as origins of individuals, Genetics, vol.153, pp.1989-2000, 1999.

B. Cyberska, Z. Lauer, and A. Trzosinska, Environmental conditions in the Polish zone of southern 267, 1998.

P. David, M. A. Perdieu, A. F. Pernot, and P. Jarne, Fine-Grained Spatial and Temporal Population Genetic Structure in the Marine Bivalve Spisula ovalis, Evolution, vol.51, issue.4, pp.1318-1322, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2411061

E. Durand, F. Jay, O. E. Gaggiotti, and O. François, Spatial inference of admixture proportions 272 and secondary contact zones, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.26, 2009.

S. P. Edmands, E. Moberg, and R. S. Burton, Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA evidence of 274 population subdivision in the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Biology, vol.126, pp.443-450, 0275.

E. Mousadik, A. Petit, and R. J. , High level of genetic differentiation for allelic richness among 277 populations of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) endemic to Morocco, Theorical and 278 Applied Genetic, pp.832-839, 1996.

C. Ellien, E. Thiebaut, F. Dumas, J. C. Salomon, and P. Nival, A modeling study of the respective 280 role of hydrodynamic processes and larval mortality on larval dispersal and recruitment of 281 benthic invertebrates: example of Pectinaria koreni (Annelida: Polychaeta) in the Bay, p.282, 2004.

. Seine, English Channel), Journal of Plankton Research, vol.26, pp.117-132

S. D. Gaines and M. D. Bertness, Dispersal of juveniles and variable recruitment in sessile marine species, Nature, vol.360, issue.6404, pp.579-580, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/360579a0

S. D. Gaines, B. Gaylord, and J. L. Largier, AVOIDING CURRENT OVERSIGHTS IN MARINE RESERVE DESIGN, Ecological Applications, vol.13, issue.sp1, pp.32-46, 2003.
DOI : 10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0032:ACOIMR]2.0.CO;2

M. Schlüter and S. Jaklin, Observations of a mass occurrence of Macoma balthica larvae in 291 midsummer, Journal of Sea Research, vol.40, p.347351, 1998.

A. Hasting, Can spatial variation alone lead to selection for dispersal ? Theorical Population 293, Biology, vol.24, pp.244-251, 1983.

D. Hedgecock, Does variance in reproductive success limit effective population sizes of 295 marine organisms ? Pages 122-134 in A.R. Beaumont eds. Genetics and evolution of aquatic 296 organisms, 1994.

D. Hedgecock, Temporal and spatial genetic structure of marine anomal populations in the 298, 1994.

M. E. Hellberg, R. S. Burton, J. E. Neigel, and S. R. Palumbi, Genetic assessment of connectivity 301 among marine populations, Bulletin of Marine Science, vol.70, p.273290, 2002.

H. Hummel, C. Günther, R. Bogaards, and V. Fedyakov, Variation in genetic traits of the Baltic clam Macoma balthica from a tidal gradient in the subarctic, Polar Biology, vol.19, issue.5, pp.342-347, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003000050256

M. S. Johnson and R. Black, Chaotic patchiness in an intertidal limpet, Siphonaria sp. Marine 311, Biology, vol.70, pp.157-164, 1982.

M. S. Johnson and R. Black, Pattern Beneath the Chaos: The Effect of Recruitment on Genetic Patchiness in an Intertidal Limpet, Evolution, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1371-1383, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2408642

R. K. Koehn, R. I. Newell, and F. Immerman, Maintenance of an aminopeptidase allele frequency 315 cline by natural selection, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, pp.5385-89, 1980.

M. Kowalewski and M. Ostrowski, Coastal up-and downwelling in the southern Baltic, 2005.

A. O. Laine, Distribution of soft-bottom macrofauna in the deep open Baltic Sea in relation to environmental variability, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.57, issue.1-2, pp.87-97, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00333-5

D. Maksymowska, M. Feuillet-girard, H. Piekarek-jankowska, and M. Heral, Temporal variation in 324 the accumulation of organic carbon and nitrogen in the suspended matter and silty surface 325 -comparisons with the Atlantic 326, 1997.

J. B. Mitton, Selection in natural populations, 1997.

L. E. Morgan, S. R. Wing, L. W. Botsford, C. J. Lundquist, and J. M. Diehl, Spatial variability in red 333 sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) recruitment in northern California, p.334, 2000.

R. Nikula, P. Strelkov, and R. Väinölä, Diversity and trans-arctic invasion history of mitochondrial 336 lineages in the North Atlantic Macoma balthica complex (Bivalvia: Tellinidae) Evolution 61, p.928941, 2007.

R. Nikula, P. Strelkov, and R. Väinölä, A broad transition zone between an inner Baltic hybrid 339 swarm and a pure North Sea subspecies of Macoma balthica (Mollusca, Bivalvia) Molecular 340, Ecology, vol.17, pp.1505-1522, 2008.

S. Piry, A. Alapetite, J. M. Cornuet, D. Paetkau, L. Baudouin et al., GENECLASS2: A Software for Genetic Assignment and First-Generation Migrant Detection, Journal of Heredity, vol.95, issue.6, pp.346-536, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/jhered/esh074

D. Powers and P. M. Schulte, Evolutionary adaptations of gene structure and expression in natural populations in relation to a changing environment: A multidisciplinary approach to address the million-year saga of a small fish, The Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol.247, issue.1-2, pp.71-94, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(199809/10)282:1/2<71::AID-JEZ11>3.0.CO;2-J

P. S. Rainbow, W. Fialkowski, A. Sokolowski, B. D. Smith, and M. Wolowicz, Geographical and 351 352 mussels (Mytilus trossulus) and barnacles (Balanus improvisus) as biomonitors. Marine 353, Biology, vol.144, pp.33-45, 2004.

B. Rannala and J. Mountain, Detecting immigration by using multilocus genotypes, Proceedings of 355 National Academy of Sciences, pp.9197-9201, 1997.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.94.17.9197

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23111

G. Rheinheimer, Meereskunde der Ostsee, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-85211-4

C. Riginos, K. Sukhdeo, and C. Cunningham, Evidence for Selection at Multiple Allozyme Loci Across a Mussel Hybrid Zone, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.19, issue.3, pp.347-351, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004088

F. Rousset, genepop???007: a complete re-implementation of the genepop software for Windows and Linux, Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.145, issue.1, pp.103-106, 2008.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00366752

M. Zjadacz and S. Rudowski, Underwater slope relief of Cape Hel, p.362, 2009.

H. Rumohr, E. Bonsdorff, and T. H. Pearson, Zoobenthic succession in Baltic sedimentary habitats, p.364, 1996.

P. Schmidt and D. Rand, ADAPTIVE MAINTENANCE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN AN INTERTIDAL BARNACLE: HABITAT- AND LIFE-STAGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVORSHIP OF MPI GENOTYPES, Evolution, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1336-367, 2001.
DOI : 10.2307/1541346

D. A. Siegel, B. P. Kinlan, B. Gaylord, and S. D. Gaines, Lagrangian descriptions of marine larval dispersion, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.260, pp.83-96, 2003.
DOI : 10.3354/meps260083

A. Sokolowski, M. Wolowicz, H. Hummel, and R. Bogaards, Physiological responses of Macoma balthica to copper pollution in the Baltic, Oceanologica Acta, vol.22, issue.4, pp.431-439, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0399-1784(00)88726-5

A. Sokolowski, D. Fichet, P. Garcia-meunier, G. Radenac, M. Wolowicz et al., The 373 relationship between metal concentrations and phenotypes in the Baltic clam Macoma balthica, pp.374-484, 2002.

A. Sokolowski, M. Wolowicz, and H. Hummel, Free amino acids in the clam Macoma balthica L. 376 (Bivalvia, Mollusca) from brackish waters of the southern Baltic Sea, Comp. Biochemistry Physiology Part A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology, vol.377, issue.134, pp.579-592, 2003.

A. Sokolowski, M. Wolowicz, and H. Hummel, Metal sources to the Baltic clam Macoma balthica 379 (mollusca: Bivalvial 380, Research, vol.63, pp.236-256, 2007.

S. E. Swearer, J. S. Shima, M. E. Hellberg, S. R. Thorrold, G. P. Jones et al., Evidence of selfrecruitment in demersal 383 marine populations, Bulletin of Marine Science, vol.70, p.251271, 2002.

P. Szefer, Metals, metalloids and radionuclides in the Baltic ecosystem, p.385, 2002.

O. Torrents, . Tambutteé, N. Caminiti, and J. Garrabou, Upper thermal thresholds of shallow vs. 386 deep populations of the precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L.): Assessing 387 the potential effects of warming in the NW Mediterranean, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.388, issue.357, p.719, 2008.

R. Väinölä and S. L. Varvio, Biosystematics of Macoma balthica in northwestern Europe, p.390, 1989.

J. Ryland and P. Tyler, Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms, 391 Proceedings of the 23rd European Marine Biology Symposium. Olsen and Olsen, 392 Fredensborg, pp.309-317

R. J. Watts, M. S. Johnson, and R. Black, Effects of recruitment on genetic patchiness in the urchin 394, 1990.

B. Weir and C. Cockerham, Estimating F-Statistics for the Analysis of Population Structure, Evolution, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1358-1370, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2408641

R. Wenne, Microgeographic differentiation of the reproductive cycle of Macoma balthica, p.398, 1985.

G. In and . Bay, South Baltic), and the relationship between this cycle and energy reserve 399 changes, Polish Archives of Hydrobiology, vol.32, issue.400, p.4763

A. Witkowski and J. Pempkowiak, Reconstructing the development of human impact from diatom 403 and 210 -Southern Baltic Sea), Geogr. Polon, vol.64, pp.63-404, 1995.

E. Zouros and D. W. Foltz, Possible explanation of heterozygote deficiency in bivalve molluscs. 406 Malacologia 25, p.583592, 1984.