, ADEF (1999) L'impact des aéroports sur le développement urbain (Etude menée pour la DGAC)
Impacts sanitaires du bruit : état des lieux. Indicateurs bruit-santé, 2004. ,
, ANM (2012) Les nuisances sonores de voisinage dans l'hébitat-analyse et maîtrise
Stated Choice Valuations of Traffic Related Noise, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol.11, pp.15-31, 2006. ,
Noise perception, heart rate and blood pressure in relation to aircraft noise in the vicinity of the Frankfurt airport, Clinical Research in Cardiology, vol.96, issue.6, pp.347-358, 2007. ,
The Noise/Stress Concept, Risk Assessment and Research Needs, Noise & Health, vol.4, issue.16, pp.1-11, 2002. ,
Stress hormones in the research on cardiovascular effects of noise, Noise and Health, vol.5, issue.18, pp.1-11, 2003. ,
Transportation Noise and Cardiovascular Risk: Review and Synthesis of Epidemiological Studies: Dose Effect Curve and Risk Estimation, 2006. ,
Transportation noise and cardiovascular risk: Updated Review and synthesis of epidemiological studies indicate that the evidence has increased, Noise and Health, vol.8, issue.30, pp.1-29, 2006. ,
Increased catecholamine levels in urine in subjects exposed to road traffic noise: the role of stress hormones in noise research, Environment International, vol.26, issue.7, pp.475-481, 2001. ,
, Anses ? rapport d'expertise collective
,
Projet de mobilité et cadre de vie, Données urbaines, issue.3, pp.91-112, 2000. ,
Neurobehavioral dynamics following chronic sleep restriction: dose-response effects of one night for recovery, Sleep, vol.33, issue.8, pp.1013-1026, 2010. ,
Paying for Quietness: The Impact of Noise on Geneva Rents, Urban Studies, vol.42, issue.4, pp.633-646, 2005. ,
Hypertension at Exposure to Road Traffic and Railway Noise, Epidemiology, vol.19, issue.6, p.228, 2008. ,
Risk of hypertension from exposure to road traffic noise in a population-based sample, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.66, issue.6, pp.410-415, 2009. ,
Aircraft noise: Effects on macroand microstructure of sleep, Sleep Medicine, vol.9, issue.4, pp.382-387, 2008. ,
Single and Combined Effects of Air, Road, and Rail Traffic Noise on Sleep and Recuperation, Sleep, vol.34, issue.1, pp.11-23, 2011. ,
An Updated Catalogue of Social Surveys of Residents' Reaction to Environmental Noise, 2009. ,
The Effect of Road Traffic on Residential Property Values: A Literature Review and Hedonic Pricing Study, 2001. ,
Risk society: towards a new modernity, 1992. ,
Locally Undesirable Land Uses in Minority Neighborhoods, Yale Law Journal, vol.103, pp.1383-1422, 1994. ,
Cardiovascular effects of environmental noise: research in Serbia, Noise & Health, vol.13, issue.52, pp.217-220, 2011. ,
Road traffic noise and hypertension, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.64, issue.2, p.122, 2007. ,
Survey context and question wording affects self reported annoyance due to road traffic noise: a comparison between two crosssectional studies. Environmental health: a global access science source, vol.11, p.14, 2012. ,
, Sleep, Immunity, and Circadian Clocks: A Mechanistic Model, vol.56, pp.574-580, 2010.
Social Inequities in Environmental Risks Associated with Housing and Residential Location-a Review of Evidence, The European Journal of Public Health, vol.20, issue.1, pp.36-42, 2010. ,
Valuation of Aircraft Noise by Time of Day: A Comparison of Two Approaches, Transport Reviews, vol.26, issue.4, pp.417-433, 2006. ,
Policy annoyance: how policies shape the experience of aircraft sound, Aerlines Magazine, vol.37, p.1, 2007. ,
Response to a change in transport noise exposure: competing explanations of change effects, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.125, issue.2, pp.905-914, 2007. ,
Bilan de la gestion sonore de la Techno Parade, 2007. ,
Impact acoustique de la soirée « unighted, 2009. ,
Note de synthèse sur les impacts sonores d'un circuit de formule 1Bruitparif/Azimut monitoring, 2009. ,
, Bilan annuel 2010 : mesures de bruit autour de l'héliport de, 2011.
The potential of meta-analysis and value transfers as part of airport environmental appraisal, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.9, issue.3, pp.167-176, 2003. ,
Transportation noise, sleep, and possible after-effects, 7th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, vol.22, pp.105-116, 1996. ,
Evaluation de la gêne due à l'exposition combinée aux bruits routier et ferroviaire, 2003. ,
L'environnement dans la décision publique : Refonder l'évaluation socio-économique pour des politiques de transport plus durables, 2009. ,
Du son à la gêne due au bruit : intérêt et modalités d'une approche géographique de l'exposition aux nuisances sonores. Exemples de quelques communes de l'agglomération paloise, 2002. ,
Effects of aircraft noise on hearing and auditory pathway function of school-age children, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.65, issue.2, pp.107-111, 1993. ,
Noise and well-being in urban residential environments: The potential role of perceived availability to nearby green areas, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.83, issue.2-3, pp.115-126, 2007. ,
The Implications of Mental Stress forCardiovascular Disease In 'Preventive Cardiology: Insights Into the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease, JAM Foody, pp.197-214, 2006. ,
Effects of aircraft noise on reading ability of school-age children, Archives of environmental health, vol.37, issue.1, pp.24-31, 1982. ,
Sleep Disturbances Related to Environmental Noise, Noise & Health, vol.4, issue.15, pp.57-60, 2002. ,
Noise emitted from road, rail and air traffic and their effects on sleep, Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol.295, issue.1-2, pp.129-140, 2006. ,
Personal and social variables as co-determinants of noise annoyance, Noise and Health, vol.1, issue.3, pp.45-56, 1999. ,
Ambient neighbourhood noise and children's mental health, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.60, issue.2, pp.146-146, 2003. ,
The West London Schools Study: the effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on child health, Psychological Medicine, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1385-1396, 2001. ,
Multilevel modelling of aircraft noise on performance tests in schools around Heathrow Airport London, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol.56, issue.2, pp.139-144, 2002. ,
Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health and cognitive performance in school children, Psychological Medicine, vol.31, issue.2, pp.265-277, 2001. ,
A follow-up study of effects of chronic aircraft noise exposure on child stress responses and cognition, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.839-845, 2001. ,
Acute Effects of Night-Time Noise Exposure on Blood Pressure in Populations Living Near Airports, European Heart Journal, vol.29, issue.5, pp.658-664, 2008. ,
Acute effects of night-time noise exposure on blood pressure in populations living near airports, European Heart Journal, vol.29, issue.5, pp.658-664, 2008. ,
Exposure to aircraft noise and risk of psychiatric disorders: the Elmas survey, Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.24-26, 2005. ,
Social Inequalities in Residential Exposure to Road Traffic Noise: An Environmental Justice Analysis Based on the RECORD Cohort Study, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.68, issue.5, pp.366-374, 2011. ,
Noise sensitivity-medical, psychologicaland genetic aspects, 2009. ,
Genetic component of noise sensitivity, Twin research and human genetics: the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, vol.8, issue.3, pp.245-249, 2005. ,
No effect of aircraft crash near South Limburg (the Netherlands) on self-perceived health, Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, vol.145, issue.28, pp.1354-1357, 2001. ,
Measuring the neighboring and environmental effects on residential property value: Using spatial weighting matrix, Building and Environment, vol.42, issue.6, pp.2333-2343, 2007. ,
Aircraft noise, air pollution, and mortality from myocardial infarction, Epidemiology, vol.21, issue.6, p.829, 2010. ,
The effects of road traffic noise and meaningful irrelevant speech on different memory systems, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.13-21, 2003. ,
The Munich airportnoise study : cognitive effects on children from before to after the change over airports, Psychological Science, vol.13, issue.5, pp.469-474, 1996. ,
L'impact socio-économique des aéroports franciliens (Etude réalisée pour ADP), 2003. ,
Baromètre santé environnement, 2007. ,
, Rapport sur les nuisances sonores en milieu urbain et périurbain, INRETS, 1986.
, Evaluation de la gêne due à l'exposition combinée aux bruits routier et ferroviaire, INRETS, 2001.
, Les nuisances environnementales des transports : résultats d'une enquête nationale, 2009.
Mesurer la qualité de vie dans les grandes agglomérations, 2002. ,
, IRGC (2005) White paper on risk governance : towards an integrative approach. IRGC
Baromètre IRSN 2010-la perception des risques et de la sécurité par les français, 2010. ,
Listening to urban soundscapes: Physiological validity of perceptual dimensions, Psychophysiology, vol.48, issue.2, pp.258-268, 2011. ,
Chronic cortisol increases in the first half of the night caused by road traffic noise, Noise and Health, vol.4, issue.16, p.13, 2002. ,
Acoustics-Assessment of noise annoyance by means of social and socio-acoustic surveys, 2003. ,
Road Traffic Noise and Sleep Disturbances in an Urban Population: Cross-sectional Study, Croatian medical journal, vol.47, issue.1, pp.125-133, 2006. ,
Hypertension and exposure to noise near airports: the HYENA study, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.116, issue.3, p.329, 2008. ,
The influence of subjective reactions to noise on health effects of the noise, Environment International, vol.22, issue.1, pp.93-104, 1996. ,
Noise sensitivity as a factor influencing human reaction to noise, Noise and Health, vol.1, issue.3, pp.57-68, 1999. ,
A population study on risk factors for insomnia among adult Japanese women: a possible effect of road traffic volume, Sleep, vol.20, issue.11, pp.963-971, 1997. ,
Population study on the prevalence of insomnia and insomnia-related factors among Japanese women, Sleep Medicine, vol.4, issue.6, pp.563-567, 2003. ,
Eeg and Autonomic Response Pattern During Waking and Sleep Stages, Psychophysiology, vol.8, issue.2, pp.198-212, 1971. ,
Highway traffic noise effects on land price in an urban area, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, vol.12, issue.4, pp.275-280, 2007. ,
Noise and Health: Annoyance and Interference. In 'Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, pp.152-163, 2011. ,
Medical effects of aircraft noise: Community cardiovascular survey, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.40, issue.3, pp.185-190, 1977. ,
, Décembre, pp.203-295, 2012.
, Knipschild P (1977b) VI. Medical effects of aircraft noise: General practice survey, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.40, issue.3, pp.191-196
VII. Medical effects of aircraft noise: Drug survey, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.40, issue.3, pp.197-200, 1977. ,
Policy, personal dispositions and the evaluation of aircraft noise, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.147-157, 2010. ,
A measurement model for general noise reaction in response to aircraft noise, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.129, issue.1, pp.200-210, 2011. ,
On environmental equity-exploring the distribution of environnemental quality among socio-economic categories in the Netherlands. Copernic institute, 2007. ,
Community annoyance from aircraft and ground vehicle noise, Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.72, issue.4, pp.1222-1242, 1982. ,
Acoustical model and theory for predicting effects of environmental noise on people, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.125, issue.6, pp.3707-3721, 2009. ,
Emotional expression of noise: A cross-cultural study, Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol.151, issue.3, pp.421-428, 1991. ,
INSOMNIA Impact des Nuisances SOnores (Maladies et INsomnie) à proximité des Aéroports, 2004. ,
Coping theory and research: Past, present, and future, Psychosomatic Medicine, 1993. ,
Quelques données épidémiologiques sur le sommeil de la population française, pp.10-15, 2005. ,
Vehicle noise emission: evaluation of tyre/road and motor-noise contribution, Internoise 99, 1999. ,
The effects of railway noise on sleep medication intake: Results from the ALPNAPstudy, Noise and Health, vol.12, issue.47, pp.110-119, 2010. ,
Can surrounding greenery reduce noise annoyance at home? The Science of the total environment, vol.408, pp.4376-4384, 2010. ,
Visibility and Natural Quiet in National Parks and Wilderness Areas Psychological Considerations, Environment and Behavior, vol.36, issue.1, pp.5-31, 2004. ,
Evaluating noise in social context: the effect of procedural unfairness on noise annoyance judgments, 24th AESOP Annual Conference', 2010, vol.122, pp.3483-3494, 2007. ,
Noise within the social context: Annoyance reduction through fair procedures, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.121, issue.4, pp.2000-2010, 2007. ,
Exposure-effect relationships between road traffic noise annoyance and noise cost valuations in Valladolid, Spain. Applied Acoustics, vol.67, issue.10, pp.945-958, 2006. ,
Children's cognition and aircraft noise exposure at home-the West London Schools Study, Noise & Health, vol.7, issue.25, pp.49-58, 2004. ,
The Okinawa study: effects of chronic aircraft noise on blood pressure and some other physiological indices, Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol.277, issue.3, pp.469-470, 2004. ,
Airport expansions and property values: the case of Chicago O'Hare Airport, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.55, issue.3, pp.627-640, 2004. ,
Annoyance from transportation noise: relationships with exposure metrics DNL and DENL and their confidence intervals, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.109, issue.4, pp.409-416, 2001. ,
Exposure-response relationships for transportation noise, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.104, issue.6, pp.3432-3445, 1998. ,
Annoyance Caused by Environmental Noise: Elements for EvidenceBased Noise Policies, Journal of Social Issues, vol.63, issue.1, pp.41-57, 2007. ,
Elements for a position paper on nighttime trans-portation noise and sleep disturbance, 2003. ,
Demographic and attitudinal factors that modify annoyance from transportation noise, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.105, issue.6, pp.3336-3344, 1999. ,
, Etude d'ensemble du devenir des vieux pays soumis aux nuisances de l'aéroport CDG, Propositions d'intervention, 1999.
Peploe P Cross-sectional relationship between blood pressure of school children and aircraft noise, 7th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem, 1998. ,
A review of health effects of aircraft noise, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol.21, issue.2, pp.221-236, 1997. ,
Research on noise since 1988: present state, Noise and Man, vol.3, pp.331-338, 1993. ,
Longitudinal surveys on effects of changes in road traffic noise: effects on sleep assessed by general questionnaires and 3-day sleep logs, Journal of Sound and Vibration, vol.276, issue.3-5, pp.713-727, 2004. ,
Sleep disturbance before and after traffic noise attenuation in an apartment building, America Journal, vol.73, pp.877-879, 1983. ,
Effects of road traffic noise on sleep: Studies on children and adults, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.26, issue.2, pp.116-126, 2006. ,
Transport-related Health Effects with a Particular Focus on Children Report 2 : Noise, 2004. ,
, Le bruit, critère d'hygiène de l'environnement. OMS, No. n°12, OMS, 1980.
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion In 'WHO-The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, LARES final report : Noise effects and morbidity. OMS, 1986. ,
, Night noise guidelines for, Europe. OMS, 2009.
, Burden of disease from environmental noise, OMS, 2011.
Discriminative responses to stimulation during human sleep, Brain: A Journal of Neurology, vol.83, pp.440-453, 1960. ,
Exposure to Nocturnal Road Traffic Noise: Sleep Disturbance and its After Effects, Noise & Health, vol.1, issue.4, pp.11-36, 1999. ,
How stress influences the immune response, Trends in Immunology, vol.24, issue.8, pp.444-448, 2003. ,
Occupational exposure to noise and the attributable burden of hearing difficulties in Great Britain, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.59, issue.9, pp.634-639, 2002. ,
Noise exposure and public health, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.108, issue.1, pp.123-131, 2000. ,
The Environmental Justice Movement: Equitable Allocation of the Costs and Benefits of Environmental Management Outcomes, Social Justice Research, vol.14, issue.4, pp.423-439, 2001. ,
L'inscription du sentiment d, 2000. ,
, Anses ? rapport d'expertise collective
, Saisine « n°2009-SA-0333-Indicateurs bruit-santé, pp.207-295
Des inquiétudes (dis) qualifiées? Les craintes des français à l'égard des risques alimentaires, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, vol.28, issue.3, 2002. ,
Cigarettes and social differentiation in France: is tobacco use increasingly concentrated among the poor?, Addiction, vol.104, issue.10, pp.1718-1728, 2009. ,
, Groupe de Recherche Technologie Economie et Société (GRETS), 2006.
Buyer Information and the Hedonic: The Impact of a Seller Disclosure on the Implicit Price for Airport Noise, 2008. ,
Urban ambient outdoor and indoor noise exposure at home: A population-based study on schoolchildren, 2012. ,
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00819234
Perception de la gêne environnementale en fonction de différents types d'unités urbaines françaises, European review of applied psychology, vol.59, issue.2, pp.101-112, 2009. ,
Increased prevalence of hypertension in a population exposed to aircraft noise, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.58, issue.12, pp.769-773, 2001. ,
Road traffic noise around schools: a risk for pupil's performance?, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.65, issue.3, pp.205-207, 1993. ,
Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders, Archives of general psychiatry, vol.57, issue.10, pp.925-935, 2000. ,
Why do aircraft noise value estimates differ? A meta-analysis, Journal of Air Transport Management, vol.4, issue.2, pp.117-124, 1998. ,
The associations between noise sensitivity, reported physical and mental health, perceived environmental quality, and noise annoyance, Noise and Health, vol.12, issue.46, pp.7-16, 2010. ,
Aircraft Noise and Quality of Life around Frankfurt Airport, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.7, issue.9, pp.3382-3405, 2010. ,
Synthesis of social surveys on noise annoyance, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.64, issue.2, pp.377-405, 1978. ,
Environmental Injustice and Transportation: The Claims and the Evidence, Journal of Planning Literature, vol.18, issue.4, pp.383-398, 2004. ,
Saliva cortisol and exposure to aircraft noise in six European countries, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.117, issue.11, p.1713, 2009. ,
Long-term exposure to road traffic noise and myocardial infarction, Epidemiology, vol.20, issue.2, p.272, 2009. ,
A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents, Nature, vol.138, pp.32-32, 1936. ,
Prévision du bruit routier : Tome 1, Calcul des émissions sonores dues au trafic, 2009. ,
Prévision du bruit routier : Tome 2, Méthode de calcul de propagation du bruit incluant les effets météorologiques, 2009. ,
Exploring the Relationship between Noise Sensitivity, Annoyance and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Sample of Adults Exposed to Environmental Noise, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol.7, issue.10, pp.3579-3594, 2010. ,
Pollution, noise and mental health, The Lancet, vol.305, issue.7902, pp.322-324, 1975. ,
The perception of risk, 2000. ,
The concept of noise sensitivity : Implications for noise control, Noise and Health, vol.5, issue.18, pp.57-59, 2003. ,
Aviation noise and environmental justice: the barrio barrier, Journal of Regional Science, vol.47, issue.1, pp.125-154, 2007. ,
, Les Français et les nuisances sonores. Sofres, 2010.
Road traffic noise and stroke: a prospective cohort study, European Heart Journal, vol.32, pp.737-744, 2011. ,
Urban indices as environmental noise indicators, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol.35, issue.5, pp.421-430, 2011. ,
Sleep loss : a novel risk factor for insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes, Journal of applied physiology, vol.99, issue.5, pp.2008-2019, 2005. ,
A theoretical framework for environmental noise annoyance, Noise and Health, vol.1, issue.3, pp.69-80, 1999. ,
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, pp.683-689, 2011. ,
Road traffic noise and psychiatric disorder: prospective findings from the Caerphilly Study, Bmj, vol.313, issue.7052, pp.266-267, 1996. ,
Reduction of road traffic noise and mental health: An intervention study, Noise and Health, vol.11, issue.44, pp.169-175, 2009. ,
Noise exposure and children's blood pressure and heart rate: the RANCH project, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.63, issue.9, pp.632-639, 2006. ,
Noise and stress: a comprehensive approach, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.41, pp.291-309, 1981. ,
Effects of traffic noise on quality of sleep: Assessment by EEG, subjective report, or performance the next day, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol.75, issue.2, pp.468-475, 1984. ,
Aircraft noise annoyance around the airport Zurich-Kloten, 8th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN), pp.351-353, 2003. ,
Psychometric properties of four measures of noise sensitivity: a comparison, Journal of Environmental Psychology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.295-302, 1999. ,
Consensus on concepts and terminology for combined-action assessment: the Saariselkä agreement, Archives of Complex Environmental Studies, vol.4, pp.65-69, 1992. ,
Evaluation of annoyance caused by motor traffic In 'Environmental annoyance: characterization, measurement and control, pp.363-370, 1987. ,
Application of Land Use Regression to Estimate Long-Term Concentrations of Traffic-Related Nitrogen Oxides and Fine Particulate Matter, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.41, issue.7, pp.2422-2428, 2007. ,
Low frequency noise and stress : Bronchitis and cortisol in children exposed chronically to traffic noise and exhaust fumes, Noise and Health, vol.6, issue.23, pp.21-21, 2004. ,
Establishing an air pollution monitoring network for intra-urban population exposure assessment: A location-allocation approach, Atmospheric Environment, vol.39, issue.13, pp.2399-2409, 2005. ,
Oslo traffic study-part 1: an integrated approach to assess the combined effects of noise and air pollution on annoyance, Atmospheric Environment, vol.34, issue.27, pp.4727-4736, 2000. ,
Interaction between Noise and Asphyxiants: A Concern for Toxicology and Occupational Health, Toxicological Sciences, vol.66, issue.1, pp.1-3, 2002. ,
Noise exposure and public health, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.108, issue.1, pp.123-131, 2000. ,
Occupational solvent exposure at moderate concentration increases the risk of hearing loss, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, vol.27, issue.5, pp.335-342, 2001. ,
Use of Poisson regression and Box-Jenkins models to evaluate the short-term effects of environmental noise levels on daily emergency, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol.17, issue.8, pp.765-771, 2001. ,
The association between noise exposure and blood pressure and ischemic heart disease: a metaanalysis, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.110, issue.3, pp.307-317, 2002. ,
, L'indice de vibration L aw exprimé en dB, se détermine au moyen de la formule suivante : où : ? a w est le maximum de la valeur efficace (RMS) du signal d'accélération, avec une pondération en fréquence w m
, ? La pondération en fréquence s'effectue à partir de la courbe d'atténuation w m définie dans la norme ISO 26312:2003: Vibrations mécaniques et chocs-Evaluation de l'exposition des individus aux vibrations globales du corps-Partie 2 : Vibrations dans les bâtiments
, ? La valeur efficace a W (t) est obtenue par le calcul de la moyenne exponentielle à constante de temps 1 s (lent), en retenant la valeur maximum mesurée a W