. States, For both BAXML and TA, all states are mapped to a constant state (so all information about the states is lost)

. Events and B. For, active calls ?g are mapped to ? and calls !g are mapped to g or to ? (so some function calls can be hidden); for TA, a service ? is mapped to ? or to ? (so again, some services can be hidden)

V. Fun and T. Of, Recall that the definition of simulation does not require effective construction of the simulating schema (even though all our positive simulation results are constructive) We can show that one cannot effectively construct a TA specification simulating a given BAXML schema, with respect to the above views. THEOREM 6.9. There is no algorithm that, given as input a BAXML schema W 1 and a view V 1 ? V fun produces a TA schema W 2 with a view V 2 ? V serv such that V 1 Moreover, this holds even for BAXML schemas of bounded depth. PROOF. The proof is based on a reduction from the implication problem for functional and inclusion dependencies (FDs and IDs), known to be undecidable. Specifically, we consider instances of the implication problem of the form ? |= f , where ? is a set of FDs and IDs, and f an FD. We consider a BAXML schema S whose initial instance consists of a single external function !e under the root. The function returns a tree representing an arbitrary finite relation, of the form shown in Figure 6. Specifically, each tuple is adorned with one function !f ? for each ID ? in ?

. Additionally, Satisfaction of the FDs in ?, and violation of f, are ensured by static constraints. The guard of !g simply checks that the relation returned by the call to !e is non-empty. We consider the view V S retaining all functions. It is easy to check that ? |= f iff there is a blocking run of S whose view under V S is ? = init.e.g.(block) ? (we ignore the constant state) Indeed, since no function !f ? can be called, all IDs in ? are satisfied. Recall that satisfaction of the FDs in ? and violation of f are ensured by the constraints. Thus, the non-empty instance returned by e satisfies ? and violates f. Now suppose towards a contradiction that one can effectively construct, for each BAXML schema as above, a corresponding artifact system ? with a view V ? ? V serv so that By definition, the first event in both

T. Let and . !-e-be-the-subtree-of, e ) must be w-bisimilar to V (T ) for every subtree T ? T init , where T init consists of the subtrees of [?] whose roots have incoming edge init In other words, ? must simulate S regardless of its database In particular, this must be the case for the empty database. Thus, let T ? be the subtree in T init corresponding to the empty database. From the above it follows that Recall that ? |= f iff V S (T !e ) contains a path from the root labeled e.g.block, this happens iff V ? (T ? ) contains a path from the root labeled ? * .e.? * .g.? * .block. By definition of ?, since V S (T !e ) has no infinite branches of ?-transitions (in fact no ?-transitions at all), V ? (T ? ) may not have infinite branches of ?-transitions

T. Also-note-that and . Finitely, this is because in artifact systems, each transition other than init generates only finitely many non-isomorphic states from each given state) It follows that from each given node, the set of lengths of ?-paths originating at that node is bounded (otherwise, an easy induction shows that there must be an infinite path of ?-transitions from that node) This allows to effectively generate a breadth-first expansion of V ? (T ? ) (modulo isomorphism) until the first 3 non-? transitions occur along all branches, This allows deciding if a path labeled ? * .e.? * .g.? * .block starting from the root exists in V ? (T ? ), and provides a procedure for testing whether ? |= f

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