D. Corinto and T. , free computing' to describe the participatory and non-institutional usage of information and communication technologies. The notion is loosely inspired by that of 'autonomous technology As such, it is closer to the political context of the early 1980s and less prone to anachronism than the notions of 'free' or 'open' computing (Raymond, 1998). 5. Although their existence was attested in the 1970s, it was only in the following decade that electronic viruses started to be perceived as an actual danger by the software engineering community. The first scientific article analysing and defining them is Cohen, 1984.

. Sloan-kettering, Cancer Center was infiltrated by the members of the '414 gang', a hacker collective from Milwaukee Probably performed by mistake and promptly interrupted, the access was depicted in sinister tones in media reports In this case, the system administrators at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center solved the problem by simply sending the hackers a message asking them to stop their jokes ? which they did immediately, There was no damage to the system. 8. For a complete reconstruction see Mungo and Glough, 1992.

J. L. Popp, American addresses were targeted and the diskette's licence agreement formally banned distribution and use of the software in the US. See Anon, 1989.

K. Cummings and . Kraut, One of the milestones in Apple's rise to commercial supremacy was a computer christened Lisa, named after Steve Job's daughter In the 1980s, another big hitter was Commodore's Vic20, whose name, according to its creator, 'sounded like a truck driver 12 Among the best-known examples of computer names inspired by childhood are: the IBM PC jr, the Japanese Junior100 and the Danish RC Piccolo Animal and fruit names were also commercially successful: for example, the Commodore's Pet was followed by BWV's Husky and by Applied Technologies' MicroBee; early European competitors of Apple included Acorn computers and Apricot PC. 13. After 1982, a number of short-lived home computers with pretentious names popped up: the Welsh Dragon Data, the English Atom, the Belgian Charlemagne 999, the French Orchidée as well as the American Vixen were all forced out of the market by 1984. 14. For a complete description see Linzmayer (1999) and Friedman 15. 'Rushing through the phone line like heroin through an addict's veins, an electronic pulse is sent out, a refuge from the day-to-day incompetencies is sought We exist without skin color, without nationality, without religious bias ... and you call us criminals. [ . . . ] My crime is that of judging people by what they say and think, not what they look like'. (The Mentor, 1986). 16. Now established as a landmark publication in hacker history, Die Datenschleuder: Das wissenschaftliche Fachblatt fu¨r Datenreisende [The Data Catapult: A scientific journal for Infonauts] was initially published as a xeroxed newsletter by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) This historical collective of anarchist and autonomen computer activists first made international news in 1984, when the German computer network Bildschirmtext was hacked. CCC members managed to withdraw a large sum of money from a Hamburg bank. Along with typical hacker bravado, the CCC founders displayed a certain 'gentlemen Marxist thieves' integrity: the money was soon returned and the act remained simply a bold commentary on the financial system's greed. 17. The phrase 18. The founder of Aids Treatment News The director of Critical Path, was also the initiator of the seminal Bay Area 'virtual community' CommuniTree (Stone Kiyoshi Kuromiya , was a top name in the electronic activist milieu of Philadelphia, 1990.

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A. Antonio and . Casilli, His research interests include the social use of ICT, with a focus on health and computer-mediated communication. Among his publications are: Les Liaisons nume´riques He also authors the blog Bodyspacesociety, Stop Mobbing (DeriveApprodi, 2001) and La fabbrica libertina (Manifesto Libri, 1997.