J. B. Adams, M. O. Smith, and A. R. Gillespie, Simple Models For Complex Natural Surfaces: A Strategy For The Hyperspectral Era Of Remote Sensing, 12th Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium,, pp.10-14, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/IGARSS.1989.567138

M. Alberti and P. Waddell, An integrated urban development and ecological model, Integrated Assessment, vol.1, issue.3, pp.215-227, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019140101212

M. Antrop, Changing patterns in the urbanized countryside of Western Europe, Landscape Ecology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.257-270, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008151109252

M. Antrop and V. Van-eetvelde, Holistic aspects of suburban landscapes: visual image interpretation and landscape metrics, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.50, issue.1-3, pp.43-58, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00079-7

S. Ashbindu, Digital Change Detection Techniques Using Remotely-Sensed Data, int. J, 1989.

A. Ballut and J. P. Nguyen, Les besoins d'information pour l'aménagement urbain et régional: apport de la télédétection spatiale à la satisfaction de ces besoins, S.F.P.T, vol.93, pp.21-32, 1984.

M. J. Barnsley and S. L. Barr, Distinguishing urban land-use categories in fine spatial resolution land-cover data using a graph-based, structural pattern recognition system, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol.21, issue.3-4, pp.209-225, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0198-9715(97)10001-1

L. Bastin and C. D. Thomas, The distribution of plant species in urban vegetation fragments, 1999.

Y. Baudot, Télédétection aérospatiale et analyse géographique de la population des villes dans les pays en développement, 1994.

J. W. Boardman and F. A. Kruse, Automated spectral analysis: a geological example using AVIRIS data, north Grapevine Mountains, Proceedings of ERIM Tenth Thematic Conference on Geologic Remote Sensing, pp.407-418, 1994.

P. Cabral, J. Gilg, M. I. Painho, P. Cabral, J. Gilg et al., SPIE Optics & Photonics: Remote sensing and modeling of ecosystems for sustainability, 2005.

X. Chen, X. Li, and J. Ma, Urban change detection based on self-organizing feature map neural network, Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, pp.3428-3431, 2004.

Z. Corbyn, Ecologists shun the urban jungle; Only one in six papers tackles inhabited areas, Nature, vol.16, 2010.

A. P. Cròsta, C. Sabine, and J. V. Taranik, Hydrothermal Alteration Mapping at Bodie, California, Using AVIRIS Hyperspectral Data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.65, issue.3, pp.309-319, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00040-6

C. Dietzel, M. Herold, J. J. Hemphill, and K. C. Clarke, Spatio???temporal dynamics in California's Central Valley: Empirical links to urban theory, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol.28, issue.2, pp.175-195, 2005.
DOI : 10.1080/1365881031000086965

I. Douglas, The city as an ecosystem, Progress in Physical Geography, vol.5, issue.3, pp.315-367, 1981.
DOI : 10.1177/030913338100500301

F. Dureau, Utiliser la télédétection spatiale pour observer les populations citadines, Villes et citadins du Tiers Monde, pp.23-55, 1990.

R. T. Forman and M. Godron, An Ecology of the Landscape, BioScience, vol.33, issue.9, 1986.
DOI : 10.1093/bioscience/33.9.535

T. Fung, An Assessment Of TM Imagery For Land-cover Change Detection, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.28, issue.4, pp.681-684, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.1990.572980

A. A. Green, M. Berman, P. Switzer, and M. D. Craig, A transformation for ordering multispectral data in terms of image quality with implications for noise removal, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.26, issue.1, pp.65-74, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/36.3001

E. J. Gustafson, Minireview: Quantifying Landscape Spatial Pattern: What Is the State of the Art?, Ecosystems, vol.1, issue.2, pp.143-456, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s100219900011

M. Herold, J. Scepan, and K. C. Clarke, The Use of Remote Sensing and Landscape Metrics to Describe Structures and Changes in Urban Land Uses, Environment and Planning A, vol.3, issue.7, pp.1443-1458, 2002.
DOI : 10.1068/a3496

M. Herold, N. C. Goldstein, and K. C. Clarke, The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.86, issue.3, pp.286-302, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00075-0

M. Herold, H. Couclelis, and K. C. Clarke, The role of spatial metrics in the analysis and modeling of urban land use change, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol.29, issue.4, pp.369-399, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2003.12.001

E. G. Irwin and N. E. Bockstael, Land use externalities, open space preservation, and urban sprawl, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.34, issue.6, pp.705-725, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2004.03.002

J. R. Jensen, Urban/suburban land use analysis, Manual of remote sensing, pp.1571-1666, 1983.

M. P. Joseph, R. P. Derek, and F. L. Ellsworth, Temporal Mixture Analysis of Arctic Sea Ice Imagery: A New Approach for Monitoring Environmental Change, Remote Sens E, vol.63, pp.195-207, 1998.

F. A. Kruse, A. B. Lefkoff, J. W. Boardman, K. B. Heiderbrecht, P. J. Shapiro et al., The spectral image processing system (SIPS)???interactive visualization and analysis of imaging spectrometer data, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.44, issue.2-3, pp.145-163, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0034-4257(93)90013-N

A. Y. Kwarteng and P. S. Chavez, Change detection study of Kuwait City and environs using multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.19, issue.9, pp.1651-1662, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/014311698215162

A. P. Leitão and J. Ahern, Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.59, issue.2, pp.65-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00005-1

R. L. Lillestrand, Techniques for change detection, IEEE transactions on Computers, vol.21, pp.654-659, 1972.

T. M. Lillesand, R. W. Kiefer, and J. W. Chipman, Remote sensing and image interpretation, 2004.

M. Luck and J. Wu, A gradient analysis of urban landscape pattern: a case study from Phoenix metropolitan region, Landscape Ecology, vol.17, issue.4, pp.327-339, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1020512723753

G. E. Machlis, J. E. Force, J. William, and R. Burch, The human ecosystem Part I: The human ecosystem as an organizing concept in ecosystem management, Society & Natural Resources, vol.73, issue.4, pp.347-367, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/08941929709381034

B. Mandelbrot, Les objets fractals -Forme, hasard et dimension, 1975.

J. G. Masek, F. E. Lindsay, and S. N. Goward, Dynamics of urban growth in the Washington DC metropolitan area, 1973-1996, from Landsat observations, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.21, issue.18, pp.3473-3486, 2000.
DOI : 10.1080/014311600750037507

B. Matsushita, M. Xu, and T. Fukushima, Characterizing the changes in landscape structure in the Lake Kasumigaura Basin, Japan using a high-quality GIS dataset, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.78, issue.3, pp.241-250, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.08.003

M. J. Mcdonnell and S. T. Pickett, Comparative Analysis of Ecosystems along Gradients of Urbanization: Opportunities and Limitations, Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems, Patterns, Mechanisms and Theories, pp.351-255, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3122-6_21

M. M. Parmelee, K. Carreiro, and . Medley, Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient, Urban Ecosystems, vol.1, issue.1, pp.21-36, 1997.

K. Mcgarigal, S. A. Cushman, M. C. Neel, and E. Ene, FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps

K. Mcgarigal and B. Mark, Fragstats -Spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being, Volume 1 Current State and Trends, 2005.

U. M. Mortberg, Resident bird species in urban forest remnants; landscape and habitat perspectives, Landscape Ecology, vol.16, issue.3, pp.193-203, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1011190902041

N. E. Ncintyre, K. Knowles-yanez, and D. Hope, Urban ecology a a interdisciplinary field: Differences in the use of " urban " between the social and natural sciences, Urban Ecosystems, vol.4, issue.1, pp.5-24, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009540018553

H. Olff and M. E. Ritchie, Fragmented nature: consequences for biodiversity, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.58, issue.2-4, pp.83-92, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00211-0

S. Phinn, M. Stanford, P. Scarth, A. T. Murray, and P. T. Shyy, Monitoring the composition of urban environments based on the vegetation-impervious surface-soil (VIS) model by subpixel analysis techniques, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.23, issue.20, pp.4131-4153, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160110114998

A. Puissant, Information géographique et images à très haute résolution: Utilité et applications en milieu urbain, Thèse de Dotorat, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/eg.324.0345

M. Ridd, Exploring a V-I-S (vegetation-impervious surface-soil) model for urban ecosystem analysis through remote sensing: comparative anatomy for cities???, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.21, issue.12, pp.2165-2185, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/01431169508954549

K. M. Ridd and J. Liu, A Comparison of Four Algorithms for Change Detection in an Urban Environment, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.63, issue.2, pp.95-100, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00112-0

. Roux and . Vanier, La périurbanisation : problématiques et perspectives, p.88, 2008.

J. P. Savard, P. Clergeau, and G. Mennechez, Biodiversity concepts and urban ecosystems, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.48, issue.3-4, pp.131-142, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00037-2

C. Schubarth, Côté urbain : l'urbain de tous les côtés ? in Monteventi Weber L, 2008.

C. Deschenaux, Tranda-Pittion M. (dir), Campagne-ville

A. Singh, Digital change detection techniques using remotely-sensed data, Int. J. Geographical Information Science, pp.651-671, 1989.

G. Skupinski, D. B. Tran, and C. Weber, Twenty years of land use land cover changes using Spot images serie and spatial metric -The sub-urban Bruche valley, CyberGeo, 2009.

C. Small, Spectral dimensionality and scale of urban radiance, 2001.

C. Small, High spatial resolution spectral mixture analysis of urban reflectance, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.88, issue.1-2, pp.170-186, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2003.04.008

F. Sterns and T. Montag, The Urban Ecosystem: A Holistic Approach, 1974.

P. Terrettaz, Délimitation des agglomérations et segmentation urbaine à l'aide d'images satellites Spot HRV, 1998.

Y. C. Weng, Spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern in response to urbanization, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.81, issue.4, pp.341-353, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.009

J. Xiao, Y. Shen, J. Ge, R. Tateishi, C. Tang et al., Evaluating urban expansion and land use change in Shijiazhuang, China by using GIS and remote sensing. Landscape Urban Plan, pp.69-80, 2005.

X. Yang and C. P. Lo, Using a time series of satellite imagery to detect land use and land cover changes in the Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.62, issue.8, pp.1775-1798, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/01431160110075802

Z. Y. Yin, D. J. Stewart, S. Bullard, and J. T. Maclachlan, Changes in urban built-up surface and population distribution patterns during 1986???1999: A case study of Cairo, Egypt, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, vol.29, issue.5, pp.595-616, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2005.01.008

Q. Zhang, J. Wang, X. Peng, P. Gong, and P. Shi, Urban built-up land change detection with road density and spectral information from multi-temporal Landsat TM data, International Journal of Remote Sensing, vol.13, issue.15, pp.3057-3078, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00068-6