A. Aka, B. Kouame, J. Paturel, E. Servat, H. Niel et al., Analyse statistique de l'´ evolution desécoulementsdesécoulements en Côte d'Ivoire, IAHS publication, pp.167-78, 1996.

A. Alber and H. Piégay, Spatial disaggregation and aggregation procedures for characterizing fluvial features at the network-scale: Application to the Rh??ne basin (France), Geomorphology, vol.125, issue.3, pp.343-60, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.09.009

C. Amoros and G. Petts, Hydrosystèmes fluviaux. Collection d'´ ecologie 24, 1993.

L. Astrade and J. Bravard, Energy gradient and geomorphological processes along a river influenced by neotectonics (the Sa??ne river, France), Geodinamica Acta, vol.12, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/09853111.1999.11105327

P. Aubry and H. Piégay, Pratique de l'analyse de l'autocorrélation spatiale en géomorphologie fluviale : définitions opératoires et tests, Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, vol.55, issue.2, pp.115-148, 2001.

J. Baker, STOCHASTIC MODELING FOR AUTOMATIC SPEECH UNDERSTANDING, Speech Recognition, pp.521-563, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-051584-7.50028-0

R. Bargmann and S. Gosh, Statistical Distribution Programs for a Computer Language, Technical Report; IBM, 1963.

T. Beechie, M. Liermann, M. Pollock, S. Baker, and J. Davies, Channel pattern and river-floodplain dynamics in forested mountain river systems, Geomorphology, vol.78, issue.1-2, pp.124-165, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.01.030

A. Ben-dor, R. Shamir, and Z. Yakhini, Clustering gene expression patterns, Journal of Computational Biology, vol.6, pp.3-4281, 1999.

L. Benda, N. Poff, D. Miller, T. Dunne, G. Reeves et al., The Network Dynamics Hypothesis: How Channel Networks Structure Riverine Habitats, BioScience, vol.54, issue.5, pp.413-440, 2004.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0413:TNDHHC]2.0.CO;2

J. Bernier, Sur les probabilités d'occurrence des s` echeresses et desétiagesdesétiages, Bull Cen Rech Essais de Chatou, vol.11, pp.3-12, 1965.

T. Brenden, L. Wang, P. Seelbach, R. Clark, M. Wiley et al., A spatially constrained clustering program for river valley segment delineation from GIS digital river networks, Environmental Modelling & Software, vol.23, issue.5, pp.638-687, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsoft.2007.09.004

Y. Brunet-moret, Etude de l'homogénéité de séries chronologiques de précipitations annuelles par la méthode des doubles masses, Cah ORSTOM, ser Hydrol, vol.8, issue.4, pp.3-31, 1971.

T. Buishand, Some methods for testing the homogeneity of rainfall records, Journal of Hydrology, vol.58, issue.1-2, pp.11-27, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(82)90066-X

T. Buishand, Tests for detecting a shift in the mean of hydrological time series, Journal of Hydrology, vol.73, issue.1-2, pp.51-69, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90032-5

N. Clifford, A. Robert, and K. Richards, Estimation of flow resistance in gravel-bedded rivers: A physical explanation of the multiplier of roughness length, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.13, issue.2, pp.111-137, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/esp.3290170202

C. Clifton, Effects of vegetation and land use on channel morphology Practical approaches to riparian resource management , an educational workshop, pp.121-130, 1989.

A. Dempster, N. Laird, and D. Rubin, Maximum-likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm, Journal of Royal Statistic Society, Ser B (methodological ), vol.39, pp.1-38, 1977.

C. Eng, C. Asthana, B. Aigle, S. Hergalant, J. Mari et al., A New Data Mining Approach for the Detection of Bacterial Promoters Combining Stochastic and Combinatorial Methods, Journal of Computational Biology, vol.16, issue.9, pp.1211-1236, 2009.
DOI : 10.1089/cmb.2008.0122

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00419969

R. Ferguson, Hydraulics and hydraulic geometry, Progress in Physical Geography, vol.10, issue.1, pp.1-31, 1986.
DOI : 10.1177/030913338601000101

R. Ferguson and P. Ashworth, Slope-induced changes in channel character along a gravel-bed stream: the allt dubhaig, scotland. Earth surface processes and landforms, pp.65-82, 1991.

C. Frissell, W. Liss, C. Warren, and M. Hurley, A hierarchical framework for stream habitat classification: Viewing streams in a watershed context, Environmental Management, vol.68, issue.2, pp.199-214, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01867358

J. Gao and Z. Xia, Fractals in physical geography, Progress in Physical Geography, vol.20, issue.2, pp.178-91, 1996.
DOI : 10.1177/030913339602000204

G. Jr and L. , On detecting changes in the mean of normal variates. The Annals of, Mathematical Statistics, vol.40, issue.1, pp.116-142, 1969.

A. Gedikli, H. Aksoy, E. Unal, N. Kehagias, and A. , Modified dynamic programming approach for offline segmentation of long hydrometeorological time series, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol.49, issue.1, pp.547-57, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00477-009-0335-x

G. Grant, F. Swanson, and M. Wolman, Pattern and origin of stepped-bed morphology in high-gradient streams, Western Cascades, Oregon, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.102, issue.3, pp.340-52, 1990.
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(1990)102<0340:PAOOSB>2.3.CO;2

K. Gregory and A. Chin, Urban stream channel hazards, Area, vol.34, issue.3, pp.312-333, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1475-4762.00085

A. Gurnell, Adjustments in river channel geometry associated with hydraulic discontinuities across the fluvial???tidal transition of a regulated river, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.33, issue.10, pp.967-85, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199710)22:10<967::AID-ESP791>3.0.CO;2-1

A. Gurnell, G. Petts, N. Harris, J. Ward, K. Tockner et al., Large wood retention in river channels: the case of the Fiume Tagliamento, Italy, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.3, issue.3, pp.255-75, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(200003)25:3<255::AID-ESP56>3.0.CO;2-H

J. Hardisty, Time series analysis using spectral techniques: Oscillatory currents, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.345, issue.9, pp.855-62, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/esp.3290180910

R. Hey, R. Hey, J. Bathurst, and C. Thorne, Gravel-bed rivers: form and processes, Gravel-bed Rivers, pp.5-13, 1982.

R. Hirsch, A. R. Smith, and R. , Selection of methods for the detection and estimation of trends in water quality, Water Resources Research, vol.235, issue.5, pp.803-816, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/91WR00259

P. Hubert, Segmentation des s??ries hydrom??t??orologiques ??? application ?? des s??ries de pr??cipitations et de d??bits de l'afrique de l'ouest, Journal of Hydrology, vol.110, issue.3-4, pp.349-67, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(89)90197-2

P. Hubert, The segmentation procedure as a tool for discrete modeling of hydrometeorological regimes, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol.14, issue.4-5, pp.297-304, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00013450

I. Ichim and M. Radoane, Channel sediment variability along a river: A case study of the Siret River (Romania), Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.35, issue.14, pp.211-236, 1990.
DOI : 10.1002/esp.3290150304

A. Kehagias, A hidden Markov model segmentation procedure for hydrological and environmental time series, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA), vol.18, issue.2, pp.117-147, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00477-003-0145-5

A. Kehagias, E. Nidelkou, and V. Petridis, A dynamic programming segmentation procedure for hydrological and environmental time series, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, vol.6, issue.1-2, pp.77-94, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00477-005-0013-6

L. Ber, F. Beno??tbeno??t, M. Schott, C. Mari, J. Mignolet et al., Studying crop sequences with CarrotAge, a HMM-based data mining software, Ecological Modelling, vol.191, issue.1, pp.170-85, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.08.031

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00017169

A. Lee and S. Heghinian, A shift of the mean level in a sequence of independant normal random variables: a Bayesian approach, Technometrics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.503-509, 1977.

L. Leopold and T. Maddock, The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic Implications, US Geological Survey Professional Paper, vol.252, p.56, 1953.

T. Leviandier, J. Lavabre, and P. Arnaud, Rainfall contrast enhancing clustering processes and flood analysis, Journal of Hydrology, vol.240, issue.1-2, pp.62-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(00)00315-2

T. Li and E. Martin, An approximation to the F distribution using the chi-square distribution, Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, vol.40, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9473(01)00097-4

H. Lubes-niel, J. Masson, J. Paturel, and E. Servat, Climatic variability and statistics. A simulation approach for estimating power and robustness of tests of stationarity, Revue des sciences de l'eau, vol.11, issue.3, pp.383-408, 1998.
DOI : 10.7202/705313ar

M. Madej, Temporal and spatial variability in thalweg profiles of a gravel-bed river, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.13, issue.12, pp.1153-69, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199911)24:12<1153::AID-ESP41>3.0.CO;2-8

J. Mari, J. Haton, and J. Kriouile, Automatic word recognition based on second-order hidden Markov models, IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, vol.5, issue.1, pp.22-27, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/89.554265

J. Mari, L. Ber, and F. , Temporal and spatial data mining with second-order hidden Markov models. Soft Computing ? A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications, vol.10, issue.5, pp.406-420, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00500-005-0501-0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00099573

J. Mari and R. Schott, Probabilistic and Statistical Methods in Computer Science, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-6280-8

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00100932

M. Michalková, H. Piégay, G. Kondolf, and S. Greco, Lateral erosion of the Sacramento River, California (1942-1999), and responses of channel and floodplain lake to human influences, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.16, issue.244, pp.257-72, 2011.
DOI : 10.1002/esp.2106

G. Minshall and R. Petersen, Towards a theory of macroinvertebrate community structure in stream ecosystems, Archiv für Hydrobiologie, vol.104, issue.1, pp.49-76, 1985.

D. Montgomery and J. Buffington, Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins, Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol.109, issue.5, pp.596-611, 1997.
DOI : 10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0596:CRMIMD>2.3.CO;2

M. Mosley, The classification and characterization of rivers, River Channels: Environment and Process, pp.295-320, 1987.

F. Nakamura and F. Swanson, Effects of coarse woody debris on morphology and sediment storage of a mountain stream system in western Oregon, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.3, issue.1, pp.43-61, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/esp.3290180104

J. Perry and D. Schaeffer, The longitudinal distribution of riverine benthos: A river dis-continuum?, Hydrobiologia, vol.2, issue.3, pp.257-68, 1987.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2427.1972.tb00055.x

A. Pettitt, A Non-Parametric Approach to the Change-Point Problem, Applied Statistics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.126-161, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2346729

H. Piégay, P. Salvador, and L. Astrade, Réflexions relativesàrelativesà la variabilité spatiale de la mosa¨?quemosa¨?que fluvialè a l'´ echelle d'un tronçon, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, vol.44, pp.317-359, 2000.

H. Piégay, A. Thévenet, G. Kondolf, and N. Landon, Physical and Human Factors Influencing Potential Fish Habitat Distribution along a Mountain River, France, Geografiska Annaler, Series A: Physical Geography, vol.82, issue.1, pp.121-157, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0435-3676.2000.00117.x

G. Poole, Stream hydrogeomorphology as a physical science basis for advances in stream ecology, Journal of the North American Benthological Society, vol.29, issue.1, pp.12-25, 2010.
DOI : 10.1899/08-070.1

L. Rabiner and B. Juang, An introduction to hidden Markov models, IEEE ASSP Magazine, vol.3, issue.1, pp.4-16, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/MASSP.1986.1165342

S. Rice, The nature and controls on downstream fining within sedimentary links, Journal of Sedimentary Research, vol.69, issue.1, pp.32-41, 1999.
DOI : 10.2110/jsr.69.32

S. Rice, M. Greenwood, and C. Joyce, Macroinvertebrate community changes at coarse sediment recruitment points along two gravel bed rivers, Water Resources Research, vol.23, issue.11, pp.2793-803, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000WR000079

URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2000WR000079/pdf

A. Robson, T. Jones, D. Reed, and A. Bayliss, A study of national trend and variation in UK floods, International Journal of Climatology, vol.16, issue.2, pp.165-82, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199802)18:2<165::AID-JOC230>3.0.CO;2-#

H. Scheffe, Tukey's test for pairwise comparisons In: The Analysis of Variance, p.477, 1959.

L. Schmitt, G. Maire, P. Nobelis, and H. J. , Quantitative morphodynamic typology of rivers: a methodological study based on the French Upper Rhine basin, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1726-1772, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/esp.1596

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00567906

S. Schumm, The Fluvial System, 1977.

S. Schumm and W. Spitz, Geological influences on the Lower Mississippi River and its alluvial valley, Engineering Geology, vol.45, issue.1-4, pp.1-4245, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00016-6

E. Slutzky, The Summation of Random Causes as the Source of Cyclic Processes, Econometrica, vol.5, issue.2, pp.105-151, 1937.
DOI : 10.2307/1907241

J. Thorp, M. Thoms, and M. Delong, The riverine ecosystem synthesis: biocomplexity in river networks across space and time, River Research and Applications, vol.70, issue.2, pp.123-170, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/rra.901

C. Torgersen, R. Gresswell, D. Bateman, and K. Burnett, Spatial Identification of Tributary Impacts in River Networks, pp.159-81
DOI : 10.1002/9780470760383.ch9

J. Tou and R. Gonzales, Pattern Recognition Principles, 1974.

R. Vannote, G. Minshall, K. Cummins, J. Sedell, and C. Cushing, The River Continuum Concept, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, vol.37, issue.1, pp.130-137, 1980.
DOI : 10.1139/f80-017

S. Zhang, X. Lu, D. Higgitt, C. Chen, J. Han et al., Recent changes of water discharge and sediment load in the Zhujiang (Pearl River) Basin, China, Global and Planetary Change, vol.60, issue.3-4, pp.3-4365, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.04.003