I. Berkeley, What the ? is a symbol, Minds and Machines, pp.93-105, 2008.

I. Berkeley, What the ? is a subsymbol?, Minds and Machines, pp.1-14, 2000.

J. Ferber, Multi-agent systems: An introduction to distributed artifi cial intelligence, 1999.

O. Fischer, Iconicity, Iconicity in Language and Literature, 1996.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139237031.029

G. Frey, Symbolische und Ikonische Modelle, e concept and the role of the model in mathematics and natural and social sciences, pp.89-97, 1961.

N. Gilbert, Agent-based Models, 2008.
DOI : 10.4135/9781412983259

N. Goodman, Routes of Reference, Critical Inquiry, vol.8, issue.1, pp.121-132, 1981.
DOI : 10.1086/448143

F. Guala, Experimentation in Economics, Handbook of the Philosophy of Science, p.forthcoming, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-444-51676-3.50021-X

F. Guala, Experimental Localism and External Validity, Philosophy of Science, vol.70, issue.5, pp.1195-1205, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/377400

S. Hartmann, e world as a process Modelling and simulation in the social sciences from the philosophy of science point of view, pp.77-100, 1996.

D. R. Hill, Contribution à la modélisation de systèmes complexes, application à la simulation d'écosystèmes, Mémoire d'habilitation à diriger des recherches, 2000.

D. R. Hill, Object-Oriented Analysis and Simulation, 1996.

P. Humphreys, Extending ourselves, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/0195158709.001.0001

E. Klir, G. Klir, and D. Elias, Architecture of Systems Problems Solving, 1985.

F. Nänny, Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature, 1999.
DOI : 10.1075/ill.1

S. L. Peck, Simulation as experiment: a philosophical reassessment for biological modeling, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.19, issue.10, pp.530-534, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.019

V. Phan, D. Phan, and F. Varenne, Agent-Based Models and Simulations in Economics and Social Sciences: From Conceptual Exploration to Distinct Ways of Experimenting, Proc. of EPOS (Epistemological Perspectives on Simulation) ? 3 rd edition, pp.51-69, 2008.
DOI : 10.18564/jasss.1532

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00554700

. Phan, Epistemology in a nutshell: eory, model, simulation and experiment, 2007.

H. Putnam, Representation and Reality, 1991.

H. Putnam, Minds and Machines Dimensions of Mind. A Symposium, Minds and Machines, pp.43-59, 1960.

C. Recanati, Hybrid Reasoning and the Future of Iconic Representations, Artifi cial General Intelligence 2008 -e First AGI Conference, pp.299-310, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00262083

P. Smolensky, On the proper treatment of connectionism, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol.14, issue.01, pp.1-74, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.87.1.1

F. Varenne, Qu'est-ce que l'informatique ?, 2009.

F. Varenne, Du modèle à la simulation informatique, 2007.

F. Varenne, What does a computer simulation prove, Simulation in industry ? ESS 2001, Proc. of the 13 th European Simulation Symposium, pp.549-554, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00004125

E. Winsberg, A Tale of Two Methods, Synthese, forthcoming, 2009.

. Yilmaz, Intelligent agents, simulation, and gaming, Simulation & Gaming, vol.37, issue.3, pp.339-349, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/1046878106289089

. Zeigler, Artifi cial Intelligence in Modeling and Simulation, Encyclopedia of Complexity and System Science, pp.344-368, 2009.

. Zeigler, eory of Modeling and Simulation. Integrating Discrete Event and Continuous Complex Dynamic Systems, 2000.