D. Adalsteinsson and J. Sethian, A Fast Level Set Method for Propagating Interfaces, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.118, issue.2, pp.269-277, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/jcph.1995.1098

M. Albers, A local mesh refinement multigrid method for 3-d convection problems with strongly variable viscosity. jcp, pp.126-150, 2000.

P. Amestoy, I. Duff, J. Koster, L. 'excellent, and A. , A Fully Asynchronous Multifrontal Solver Using Distributed Dynamic Scheduling, SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, vol.23, issue.1, pp.15-41, 2001.
DOI : 10.1137/S0895479899358194

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00808293

K. Bathe, Finite Element Procedures in Engineering Analysis, Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology, vol.106, issue.4, 1982.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3264375

G. Batt and J. Braun, On the thermomechanical evolution of compressional orogens, Geophysical Journal International, vol.128, issue.2, pp.364-382, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1997.tb01561.x

C. Beaumont, R. Jamieson, M. Nguyen, L. , and B. , Himalayan tectonics, pp.31-52, 2001.

J. Braun, Three-dimensional numerical modeling of compressional orogenies: Thrust geometry and oblique convergence, Geology, vol.21, issue.2, pp.153-156, 1993.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0153:TDNMOC>2.3.CO;2

J. Braun, Three-dimensional numerical simulations of crustal-scale wrenching using a non-linear failure criterion, Journal of Structural Geology, vol.16, issue.8, pp.1173-1186, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0191-8141(94)90060-4

J. Braun, Recent advances and current problems in modelling surface processes and their interaction with crustal deformation, Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Crustal-scale Processes, pp.307-325, 2006.
DOI : 10.1144/GSL.SP.2006.253.01.16

J. Braun and C. Beaumont, Three-dimensional numerical experiments of strain partitioning at oblique plate boundaries: Implications for contrasting tectonic styles in the southern Coast Ranges, California, and central South Island, New Zealand, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.238, issue.6, pp.18059-18074, 1995.
DOI : 10.1029/95JB01683

J. Braun and M. Sambridge, Dynamical Lagrangian Remeshing (DLR): A new algorithm for solving large strain deformation problems and its application to fault-propagation folding, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.124, issue.1-4, pp.211-220, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(94)00093-X

J. Braun and M. Sambridge, Modelling landscape evolution on geological time scales: a new method based on irregular spatial discretization, Basin Research, vol.9, issue.1, pp.27-52, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2117.1997.00030.x

Q. Sengupta, S. Hauser, J. Eiseman, P. Thompson, and J. , Octree Meshing with Adaptive Analysis, Numerical Grid Generation in Computational Fluid Mechanics 88, pp.633-642

P. Davy and P. Cobbold, Indentation tectonics in nature and experiment. 1. experiments scaled for gravity, Bulletin of the Geological Institutions of Uppsala, vol.14, pp.129-141, 1988.

D. Enright, F. Losasso, and R. Fedkiw, A fast and accurate semi-Lagrangian particle level set method, Computers & Structures, vol.83, issue.6-7, pp.479-490, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.04.024

A. Freudenthal and H. Geiringer, The mathematical theory of the inelastic continuum, Handbuch der Physik, Encyclopedia of Physics, 1958.

P. Fullsack, An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation for creeping flows and its application in tectonic models, Geophysical Journal International, vol.120, issue.1, pp.1-23, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb05908.x

S. Gourvenec and M. Randolph, Effect of strength non-homogeneity on the shape of failure envelopes for combined loading of strip and circular foundations on clay, G??otechnique, vol.53, issue.6, pp.575-586, 2003.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2003.53.6.575

S. Gourvenec, M. Randolph, and O. Kingsnorth, Undrained Bearing Capacity of Square and Rectangular Footings, International Journal of Geomechanics, vol.6, issue.3, pp.147-157, 2006.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2006)6:3(147)

A. Gupta, . J. Ibm-t, . Watson-research, and . Center, WSMP: Watson sparse matrix package (Part-II: direct solution of general sparse systems), 2000.

R. Hassani, D. Jongmans, C. , and J. , Study of plate deformation and stress in subduction processes using two-dimensional numerical models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.99, issue.suppl. 1, pp.17951-17965, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JB01354

R. Hill, The mathematical theory of plasticity, 1950.

G. Houseman, The dependence of convection planform on mode of heating, Nature, vol.332, issue.6162, pp.346-349, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/332346a0

G. Houseman and P. England, Crustal thickening versus lateral expulsion in the Indian-Asian continental collision, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, vol.93, issue.B7, pp.12333-12249, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/93JB00443

T. Hughes and A. Brooks, A theoretical framework for Petrov-Galerkin methods with discontinuous weighting functions: applications to the streamline-upwind procedure, Finite Elements in Fluids, pp.47-65, 1982.

T. Hughes, W. Liu, and A. Books, Finite element analysis of incompressible viscous flows by the penalty function formulation, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.30, issue.1, pp.1-60, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9991(79)90086-X

R. Huismans and C. Beaumont, Asymmetric lithospheric extension: The role of frictional plastic strain softening inferred from numerical experiments, Geology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.211-214, 2002.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0211:ALETRO>2.0.CO;2

R. Huismans, S. Buiter, and C. Beaumont, Effect of plastic-viscous layering and strain softening on mode selection during lithospheric extension. jgr, p.110, 2005.

L. Kachanov, fundamentals of the theory of plasticity, 2004.

B. Kaus and S. Schmalholz, 3D finite amplitude folding: Implications for stress evolution during crustal and lithospheric deformation, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.101, issue.B3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2006GL026341

G. Leibon and D. Letscher, Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams for Riemannian manifolds, Proceedings of the sixteenth annual symposium on Computational geometry , SCG '00, pp.341-349, 2000.
DOI : 10.1145/336154.336221

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.413.3911

P. Molnar and P. Tapponier, Cenozoic Tectonics of Asia: Effects of a Continental Collision: Features of recent continental tectonics in Asia can be interpreted as results of the India-Eurasia collision, Science, vol.189, issue.4201, pp.419-426, 1975.
DOI : 10.1126/science.189.4201.419

L. Moresi and V. Solomatov, Mantle convection with a brittle lithosphere: thoughts on the global tectonic styles of the Earth and Venus, Geophysical Journal International, vol.133, issue.3, pp.669-682, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00521.x

A. Poliakov, Y. Podladchikov, T. , and C. , Initiation of salt diapirs with frictional overburdens: numerical experiments, Tectonophysics, vol.228, issue.3-4, pp.199-210, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-1951(93)90341-G

W. Press, S. Teukolky, W. Vetterling, and B. Flannery, Numerical Recipes, The Art of Scientific Computing, 1992.

C. Pritchard, A cyclical property of cyclic polygons, p.14, 2005.

R. Salgado, A. Lyamin, S. Sloan, Y. , and H. , Two- and three-dimensional bearing capacity of foundations in clay, G??otechnique, vol.54, issue.5, pp.297-306, 2004.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2004.54.5.297

M. Sambridge, J. Braun, and H. Mcqueen, Geophysical parametrization and interpolation of irregular data using natural neighbours, Geophysical Journal International, vol.122, issue.3, pp.837-857, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb06841.x

H. Samet, The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures, 1989.

S. Sloan, A FORTRAN program for profile and wavefront reduction, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.21, issue.11, pp.2651-2679, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.1620281111

D. Stolar, G. Roe, and S. Willett, Evolution of a critical orogen under various forcing scenarios: findings from a numerical sandbox, Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, 2005.

M. Sussman, P. Smereka, and S. Osher, A Level Set Approach for Computing Solutions to Incompressible Two-Phase Flow, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.114, issue.1, pp.146-159, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/jcph.1994.1155

P. Tackley, Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in three-dimensional mantle convection, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.157, issue.1-2, pp.9-22, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00029-6

P. Tackley, Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in time-dependent, three-dimensional mantle convection. 1. Pseudoplastic yielding, Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst, vol.1, 2000.

P. Tackley, Self-consistent generation of tectonic plates in time-dependent, threedimensional mantle convection. 2. Strain weakening and asthenosphere, Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst, vol.1, 2000.

H. Taiebat and J. Carter, Numerical studies of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations on cohesive soil subjected to combined loading, G??otechnique, vol.50, issue.4, pp.409-418, 2000.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2000.50.4.409

H. Taiebat and J. Carter, Bearing capacity of strip and circular foundations on undrained clay subjected to eccentric loads, G??otechnique, vol.52, issue.1, pp.61-64, 2002.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.2002.52.1.61

P. Van-keken, Numerical modelling of thermochemically driven fluid flow with non-Newtonian rheology: applied to the Earth's lithosphere and mantle, 1993.

J. Webb, Imposing linear constraints in finite-element analysis, Communications in Applied Numerical Methods, vol.12, issue.6, 1990.
DOI : 10.1002/cnm.1630060607

S. Willett, C. Beaumont, and P. Fullsack, Mechanical model for the tectonics of doubly vergent compressional orogens, Geology, vol.21, issue.4, pp.371-374, 1993.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0371:MMFTTO>2.3.CO;2