Systèmes de culture, habitudes alimentaires et durabilité des agrosystèmes forestiers en Afrique (Guinée, Cameroun): une approche géoagronomique
Résumé
The population growth is generally considered as the main cause of the fast degradation of forest ecosystems in sub Sahara Africa. This contribution presents a comparative analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics in two forest regions from West Africa (Forest Guinea) and Centre Africa (Centre-South Cameroon). It shows that the choice of cropping systems especially food crops, (and related food preferences) explains the difference in anthropic pressure on natural resources between these two situations, with similar low (20hab./km2) population density. The cropping systems based on upland rice have a higher spatial impact (0.91 ha/habitant) than those observed in Centre-south Cameroon based on tubers and plantain (0.15 ha/habitant). Simultaneously the extension of agroforests based on perennial crops (coffee, cocoa, fruit trees) requiring more space is active in Forest Guinea and still contributes to increase the pressure on land. In Cameroon, this anthropic pressure remains low unless the food crops become more urban market oriented. Decisions about crops and rotation are based on bio-physical conditions locally or regionally, but also and particularly on endogenous factors like food preferences (rice in Guinea, roots and plantain in Cameroon) and local and regional urban market demand. Understanding these socioeconomic and agroecological changes requires to mobilize various disciplinary approaches combining geoagronomy, economy and socio-anthropology.
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