E. Watson, P. Forster, M. Richards, and H. Bandelt, Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.61, issue.3, pp.691-704, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/515503

H. Harpending, M. Batzer, M. Gurven, L. Jorde, and A. Rogers, Genetic traces of ancient demography, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.4, pp.1961-1967, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1961

L. Excoffier and S. Schneider, Why hunter-gatherer populations do not show signs of Pleistocene demographic expansions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.19, pp.10597-10602, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.19.10597

L. Quintana-murci, O. Semino, H. Bandelt, G. Passarino, and K. Mcelreavey, Genetic evidence of an early exit of Homo sapiens sapiens from Africa through eastern Africa, Nat Genet, vol.23, pp.437-441, 1999.

M. Ingman, H. Kaessmann, S. Pääbo, and U. Gyllensten, Mitochondrial genome variation and the origin of modern humans, Nature, vol.408, pp.708-713, 2000.

R. Thomson, J. Pritchard, P. Shen, P. Oefner, and M. Feldman, Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes: Evidence from DNA sequence data, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.13, pp.7360-7365, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7360

P. Underhill, P. Shen, A. Lin, J. L. Passarino, and G. , Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations, Nature Genetics, vol.26, issue.3, pp.358-361, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/81685

A. Salas, M. Richards, T. De-la-fe, M. Lareu, and B. Sobrino, The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.71, issue.5, pp.1082-1111, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/344348

L. Cavalli-sforza and M. Feldman, The application of molecular genetic approaches to the study of human evolution, Nature Genetics, vol.33, issue.3s, pp.266-275, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1113

L. Zhivotovsky, N. Rosenberg, and M. Feldman, Features of Evolution and Expansion of Modern Humans, Inferred from Genomewide Microsatellite Markers, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.72, issue.5, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/375120

V. Macaulay, C. Hill, A. Achilli, C. Rengo, and D. Clarke, Single, Rapid Coastal Settlement of Asia Revealed by Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genomes, Science, vol.308, issue.5724, pp.1034-1036, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1109792

I. Mcdougall, F. Brown, and J. Fleagle, Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia, Nature, vol.5, issue.7027, pp.733-736, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00005-6

D. Garrigan and M. Hammer, Reconstructing human origins in the genomic era, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol.76, issue.9, pp.669-680, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nrg1941

T. Kivisild, P. Shen, D. Wall, B. Do, and R. Sung, The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes, Genetics, vol.172, issue.1, pp.373-387, 2006.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.105.043901

P. Mellars, Going East: New Genetic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Modern Human Colonization of Eurasia, Science, vol.313, issue.5788, pp.796-800, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1128402

P. Mellars, Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago? A new model, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.25, pp.9381-9386, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0510792103
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1480416

N. Fagundes, N. Ray, M. Beaumont, S. Neuenschwander, and F. Salzano, Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.45, pp.17614-17619, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0708280104

J. Olson, The peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary, 1996.

S. Tishkoff and S. Williams, Genetic analysis of African populations: human evolution and complex disease, Nat Rev Genet, vol.3, pp.611-621, 2002.

D. Phillipson, African archaeology, 1993.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511800313

R. Oslisly, W. Weber, L. White, and A. Vedder, The history of human settlement in the Middle Ogooue Valley, New Haven (Connecticut) and, 2001.

C. Holden, Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.269, issue.1493, pp.793-799, 2002.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.2002.1955

J. Diamond and P. Bellwood, Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions, Science, vol.300, issue.5619, pp.597-603, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1078208

J. Greenberg, Linguistic evidence regarding Bantu origins, The Journal of African History, vol.13, issue.02, pp.189-216, 1972.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021853700011427

R. Lee and R. Daly, The Cambridge encyclopedia of hunters and gatherers, 1999.

S. Bahuchet, C. Hladik, A. Hladik, H. Pagezy, O. Linares et al., Fragments pour une histoire de la forêt africaine et de son peuplement : les données linguistiques et culturelles, Paris: E ´ ditions UNESCO, pp.97-119, 1996.

L. Cavalli-sforza, African Pygmies. Cavalli-Sforza LL, 1986.

A. Froment, Adaptation biologique et variation dans l'esp??ce humaine : le cas des Pygm??es d'Afrique, Bulletins et M??moires de la Soci??t?? d'anthropologie de Paris, vol.5, issue.3, pp.417-448, 1993.
DOI : 10.3406/cea.1993.2078

S. Bahuchet and H. Guillaume, Aka-farmer relations in the northwest Congo basin, 1982.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00381888

H. Tereshima, Why do Efe girls marry farmers?: Socio-ecological backgrounds of inter-ethnic marriage in the Ituri forest of central Africa, African Studies Monographs, vol.6, pp.65-83, 1987.

D. Wilkie and B. Curran, Historical trends in forager and farmer exchange in the Ituri rain forest of northeastern Za???re, Human Ecology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.389-417, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00891141

D. Joiris, The framework of Central African hunter-gatherers and neighbouring societies, African Study Monographs, vol.28, pp.57-79, 2003.

K. Klieman, The Pygmies were our compass, 2003.

N. Matsuura, Sedentary lifestyle and social relationships among Babongo in southern Gabon, African Study Monographs, vol.33, pp.71-93, 2006.

B. Hewlett, Cultural diversity among African Pygmies Cultural diversity among twentieth-century foragers, 1996.

L. Quintana-murci, H. Quach, C. Harmant, F. Luca, and B. Massonnet, Maternal traces of deep common ancestry and asymmetric gene flow between Pygmy hunter-gatherers and Bantu-speaking farmers, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.5, pp.1596-1601, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711467105
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00271643

M. Beaumont, W. Zhang, and D. Balding, Approximate Bayesian computation in population genetics, Genetics, vol.162, pp.2025-2035, 2002.

B. Voight and J. Pritchard, Confounding from cryptic relatedness in casecontrol association studies, PLoS Genet, vol.1, 2005.

M. Epstein, W. Duren, and M. Boehnke, Improved Inference of Relationship for Pairs of Individuals, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.67, issue.5, pp.1219-1231, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62952-8

D. Falush, M. Stephens, and J. Pritchard, Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data: linked loci and correlated allele frequencies, Genetics, vol.164, pp.1567-1587, 2003.

P. Verdu, F. Austerlitz, A. Estoup, R. Vitalis, and M. Georges, Origins and Genetic Diversity of Pygmy Hunter-Gatherers from Western Central Africa, Current Biology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.312-318, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.049
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00397221

S. Ptak and M. Przeworski, Evidence for population growth in humans is confounded by fine-scale population structure, Trends in Genetics, vol.18, issue.11, pp.559-563, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)02781-6

J. Hey, On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas, PLoS Biology, vol.167, issue.6, 2005.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030193.sd002

D. Garrigan, S. Kingan, M. Pilkington, J. Wilder, and M. Cox, Inferring Human Population Sizes, Divergence Times and Rates of Gene Flow From Mitochondrial, X and Y Chromosome Resequencing Data, Genetics, vol.177, issue.4, pp.2195-2207, 2007.
DOI : 10.1534/genetics.107.077495

A. Pluzhnikov, D. Rienzo, A. Hudson, and R. , Inferences about human demography based on multilocus analyses of noncoding sequences, Genetics, vol.161, pp.1209-1218, 2002.

S. Tishkoff and K. Kidd, Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine, Nature Genetics, vol.63, issue.11s, pp.21-27, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1438

J. Hey, Recent advances in assessing gene flow between diverging populations and species, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.16, issue.6, pp.592-596, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gde.2006.10.005

R. Nielsen and J. Wakeley, Distinguishing migration from isolation: a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach, Genetics, vol.158, pp.885-896, 2001.

C. Becquet and M. Przeworski, A new approach to estimate parameters of speciation models with application to apes, Genome Research, vol.17, issue.10, pp.1505-1519, 2007.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.6409707

J. Hey and R. Nielsen, Integration within the Felsenstein equation for improved Markov chain Monte Carlo methods in population genetics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.104, issue.8, pp.2785-2790, 2007.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0611164104

T. Partridge, P. Demenocal, S. Lorentz, M. Paikerg, and J. Vogel, Orbital forcing of climate over South Africa: A 200,000-year rainfall record from the pretoria saltpan, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.16, issue.10, pp.1125-1133, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-3791(97)00005-X

G. Destro-bisol, V. Coia, I. Boschi, F. Verginelli, and A. Cagliá, The Analysis of Variation of mtDNA Hypervariable Region 1 Suggests That Eastern and Western Pygmies Diverged before the Bantu Expansion, The American Naturalist, vol.163, issue.2, pp.212-226, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/381405

J. Maley, Late Quaternary Climatic Changes in the African Rain Forest : Forest Refugia and the Major Role of Sea Surface Temperature Variations, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-0995-3_25

J. Maley, The African rain forest ??? main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences, vol.14, issue.133, pp.31-73, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-8181(93)90038-P

J. Maley and P. Brenac, Vegetation dynamics, palaeoenvironments and climatic changes in the forests of western Cameroon during the last 28,000 years B.P., Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, vol.99, issue.2, pp.157-187, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-6667(97)00047-X

G. Destro-bisol, F. Donati, V. Coia, I. Boschi, and F. Verginelli, Variation of Female and Male Lineages in Sub-Saharan Populations: the Importance of Sociocultural Factors, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1673-1682, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/molbev/msh186

J. Wilder, S. Kingan, Z. Mobasher, M. Pilkington, and M. Hammer, Global patterns of human mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome structure are not influenced by higher migration rates of females versus males, Nature Genetics, vol.131, issue.10, pp.1122-1125, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01722

M. Takahashi, F. Matsuda, N. Margetic, and M. Lathrop, Automated Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms from Sequencing Data, Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, vol.01, issue.02, pp.253-265, 2003.
DOI : 10.1142/S021972000300006X

M. Stephens and P. Scheet, Accounting for Decay of Linkage Disequilibrium in Haplotype Inference and Missing-Data Imputation, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.76, issue.3, pp.449-462, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/428594

J. Rozas, J. Sánchez-delbarrio, X. Messeguer, and R. Rozas, DnaSP, DNA polymorphism analyses by the coalescent and other methods, Bioinformatics, vol.19, issue.18, pp.2496-2497, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg359

G. Laval and L. Excoffier, SIMCOAL 2.0: a program to simulate genomic diversity over large recombining regions in a subdivided population with a complex history, Bioinformatics, vol.20, issue.15, pp.2485-2487, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth264

B. Voight, A. Adams, L. Frisse, Y. Qian, and R. Hudson, Interrogating multiple aspects of variation in a full resequencing data set to infer human population size changes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.51, pp.18508-18513, 2005.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0507325102

N. Patterson, D. Richter, S. Gnerre, E. Lander, and D. Reich, Genetic evidence for complex speciation of humans and chimpanzees, Nature, vol.101, issue.7097, pp.1103-1108, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04789

G. Weiss and A. Von-haeseler, Inference of population history using a likelihood approach, Genetics, vol.149, pp.1539-1546, 1998.

D. Behar, R. Villems, H. Soodyall, J. Blue-smith, and L. Pereira, The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity, The American Journal of Human Genetics, vol.82, issue.5, pp.1130-1140, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002

E. Wood, D. Stover, C. Ehret, G. Destro-bisol, and G. Spedini, Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes, European Journal of Human Genetics, vol.85, issue.7, pp.867-876, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1428