J. Antoniou, T. Steffen, F. Nelson, N. Winterbottom, A. P. Hollander et al., The human lumbar intervertebral disc: evidence for changes in the biosynthesis and denaturation of the extracellular matrix with growth, maturation, ageing, and degeneration, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.98, pp.996-1003, 1996.

J. Antoniou, V. Arlet, T. Goswami, M. Aebi, and M. Alini, Elevated synthetic activity in the convex side of scoliotic intervertebral discs and endplates compared with normal tissues, Spine, vol.26, pp.198-206, 2001.

E. M. Bartels, J. C. Fairbank, C. P. Winlove, and J. P. Urban, Oxygen and lactate concentrations measured in vivo in the intervertebral discs of patients with scoliosis and back pain, Spine, vol.23, pp.1-8, 1998.

B. A. Best, F. Guilak, L. A. Setton, W. Zhu, F. Saed-nejad et al., Compressive mechanical properties of the human anulus fibrosus and their relationship to biochemical composition, Spine, vol.19, pp.212-221, 1994.

S. R. Bibby and J. P. Urban, Effect of nutrient deprivation on the viability of intervertebral disc cells, European Spine Journal, vol.13, pp.695-701, 2004.

S. R. Bibby, J. C. Fairbank, M. R. Urban, and J. P. Urban, Cell viability in scoliotic discs in relation to disc deformity and nutrient levels, Spine, vol.27, pp.2220-2228, 2002.

S. R. Bibby, D. A. Jones, R. M. Ripley, and J. P. Urban, Metabolism of the intervertebral disc: effects of low levels of oxygen, glucose, and pH on rates of energy metabolism of bovine nucleus pulposus cells, Spine, vol.30, pp.487-496, 2005.

N. Boos, A. Wallin, T. Gbedegbegnon, M. Aebi, and C. Boesch, Quantitative MR imaging of lumbar intervertebral disks and vertebral bodies: influence of diurnal water content variations, Radiology, vol.188, pp.351-354, 1993.

O. A. Boubriak, J. P. Urban, and Z. Cui, Monitoring of metabolite gradients in tissue-engineered constructs, Journal of the Royal Society, vol.3, pp.637-648, 2006.

H. Brodin, Paths of nutrition in articular cartilage and intervertebral discs, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.24, pp.177-183, 1955.

J. T. Cheung, M. Zhang, and D. H. Chow, Biomechanical responses of the intervertebral joints to static and vibrational loading: a finite element study, Clinical Biomechanics, vol.18, pp.790-799, 2003.

M. R. Drost, P. Willems, H. Snijders, J. M. Huyghe, J. D. Janssen et al., Confined compression of canine annulus fibrosus under chemical and mechanical loading, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.117, pp.390-396, 1995.

A. J. Frijns, J. M. Huyghe, and J. D. Janssen, A validation of the quadriphasic mixture theory for intervertebral disc tissue, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.35, pp.1419-1429, 1997.

H. E. Gruber and E. N. Hanley, Analysis of aging and degeneration of the human intervertebral disc. Comparison of surgical specimens with normal controls, Spine, vol.23, pp.751-757, 1998.

S. Holm, A. Maroudas, J. P. Urban, G. Selstam, and A. Nachemson, Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: solute transport and metabolism, Connective Tissue Research, vol.8, pp.101-119, 1981.

C. Huang and W. Y. Gu, Effects of mechanical compression on metabolism and distribution of oxygen and lactate in intervertebral disc, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.41, pp.1184-1196, 2008.

J. M. Huyghe and J. D. Janssen, Quadriphasic mechanics of swelling incompressible porous media, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.35, pp.793-802, 1997.

J. M. Huyghe, G. B. Houben, M. R. Drost, and C. C. Van-donkelaar, An ionised/nonionised dual porosity model of intervertebral disc tissue, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, vol.2, pp.3-19, 2003.

J. C. Iatridis, L. A. Setton, R. J. Foster, B. A. Rawlins, M. Weidenbaum et al., Degeneration affects the anisotropic and nonlinear behaviors of human anulus fibrosus in compression, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.31, pp.535-544, 1998.

W. Johannessen and D. M. Elliott, Effects of degeneration on the biphasic material properties of human nucleus pulposus in confined compression, Spine, vol.30, pp.724-729, 2005.

M. M. Katz, A. R. Hargens, and S. R. Garfin, Intervertebral disc nutrition. Diffusion versus convection, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.210, pp.243-245, 1986.

S. Kimura, G. C. Steinbach, D. E. Watenpaugh, and A. R. Hargens, Lumbar spine disc height and curvature responses to an axial load generated by a compression device compatible with magnetic resonance imaging, Spine, vol.26, pp.2596-2600, 2001.

T. Kitano, J. E. Zerwekh, Y. Usui, M. L. Edwards, P. L. Flicker et al., Biochemical changes associated with the symptomatic human intervertebral disk, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.293, pp.372-377, 1993.

F. Lavaste, W. Skalli, S. Robin, R. Roy-camille, and C. Mazel, Three-dimensional geometrical and mechanical modelling of the lumbar spine, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.25, pp.1153-1164, 1992.

B. Loret and F. M. Simões, Articular cartilage with intra-and extrafibrillar waters: a chemo-mechanical model, Mechanics of Materials, vol.36, pp.515-541, 2004.

J. Mackie and P. Meares, The diffusion of electrolytes in a cation-exchange resin membrane, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, vol.232, pp.498-518, 1955.

A. Maroudas, Nutrition and metabolism of the intervertebral disc, The Biology of the Intervertebral Disc, pp.1-37, 1988.

A. Maroudas, R. A. Stockwell, A. Nachemson, and J. Urban, Factors involved in the nutrition of the human lumbar intervertebral disc: cellularity and diffusion of glucose in vitro, Journal of Anatomy, vol.120, pp.113-130, 1975.

A. Nachemson, Lumbar intradiscal pressure. Experimental studies on postmortem material, Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica, vol.43, pp.1-104, 1960.

D. O'hare, C. P. Winlove, and K. H. Parker, Electrochemical method for direct measurement of oxygen concentration and diffusivity in the intervertebral disc: electrochemical characterization and tissue-sensor interactions, Journal of Biomedical Engineering, vol.13, pp.304-312, 1991.

H. Ohshima and J. P. Urban, The effect of lactate and pH on proteoglycan and protein synthesis rates in the intervertebral disc, Spine, vol.17, pp.1079-1082, 1992.

Y. Schroeder, W. Wilson, J. M. Huyghe, and F. P. Baaijens, Osmoviscoelastic finite element model of the intervertebral disc, European Spine Journal, vol.15, pp.361-371, 2006.

Y. Schroeder, S. Sivan, W. Wilson, Y. Merkher, J. M. Huyghe et al., Are disc pressure, stress and osmolarity affected by intraand extrafibrillar fluid exchange, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, vol.25, pp.1317-1324, 2007.

E. Sé-lard, A. Shirazi-adl, and J. P. Urban, Finite element study of nutrient diffusion in the human intervertebral disc, Spine, vol.28, pp.1945-1953, 2003.

D. M. Soukane, A. Shirazi-adl, and J. P. Urban, Analysis of nonlinear coupled diffusion of oxygen and lactic acid in intervertebral discs, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.127, pp.1121-1126, 2005.

D. M. Soukane, A. Shirazi-adl, and J. P. Urban, Computation of coupled diffusion of oxygen, glucose and lactic acid in an intervertebral disc, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.40, pp.2645-2654, 2007.

D. N. Sun, W. Y. Gu, X. E. Guo, W. M. Lai, and V. C. Mow, A mixed finite element formulation of triphasic mechano-electrochemical theory for charged, hydrated biological soft tissues, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.45, pp.1375-1402, 1999.

J. P. Thompson, R. H. Pearce, M. T. Schechter, M. E. Adams, I. K. Tsang et al., Preliminary evaluation of a scheme for grading the gross morphology of the human intervertebral disc, Spine, vol.15, pp.411-415, 1990.

J. P. Urban and J. F. Mcmullin, Swelling pressure of the inervertebral disc: influence of proteoglycan and collagen contents, Biorheology, vol.22, pp.145-157, 1985.

J. P. Urban, A. Maroudas, M. T. Bayliss, and J. Dillon, Swelling pressures of proteoglycans at the concentrations found in cartilaginous tissues, Biorheology, vol.16, pp.447-464, 1979.

J. P. Urban, S. Holm, A. Maroudas, and A. Nachemson, Nutrition of the intervertebral disc: effect of fluid flow on solute transport, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, vol.170, pp.296-302, 1982.

C. M. Whyne, S. S. Hu, and J. C. Lotz, Parametric finite element analysis of vertebral bodies affected by tumors, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.34, pp.1317-1324, 2001.

C. R. Wilke and P. Chang, Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions, American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal, vol.1, pp.264-270, 1955.

H. J. Wilke, P. Neef, M. Caimi, T. Hoogland, and L. E. Claes, Newinvivomeasurements of pressures in the intervertebral disc in daily life, Spine, vol.1, pp.755-762

W. Wilson, C. C. Van-donkelaar, B. Van-rietbergen, and R. Huiskes, A fibrilreinforced poroviscoelastic swelling model for articular cartilage, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.38, pp.1195-1204, 2005.

H. Yao and W. Y. Gu, Three-dimensional inhomogeneous triphasic finite-element analysis of physical signals and solute transport in human intervertebral disc under axial compression, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.40, pp.2071-2077, 2007.