S. G. Adiku, M. Reichstein, A. Lohila, N. Q. Dinh, M. Aurela et al., PIXGRO: A model for simulating the ecosystem CO2 exchange and growth of spring barley, Ecological Modelling, vol.190, issue.3-4, pp.260-276, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.04.024

O. Andren and K. Paustian, Barley Straw Decomposition in the Field: A Comparison of Models, Ecology, vol.68, issue.5, pp.1150-1200, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/1939203

J. T. Ball, J. A. Berry, and W. I. , Conductance and its contribution to the control of photosynthesis under different environmental conditions, Progress in Photosynthesis Research, pp.221-224, 1987.

J. T. Ball and J. A. Berry, The C/C ratio: a basis for predicting stomatal control of photosyntheis, Carnegie Institute Washington Year Book, pp.88-92, 1982.

A. Bondeau, P. C. Smith, S. Zaehle, S. Schaphoff, W. Lucht et al., Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance, Global Change Biology, vol.68, issue.3, pp.679-706, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GB002395

A. Botta, N. Viovy, P. Ciais, and P. Friedlingstein, A global prognostic scheme of leaf onset using satellite data, Global Change Biology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.709-726, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pp.15.060164.001153

Y. Chen, G. Churkina, and M. Heimann, A comparison of regional climate variations between various data sources, p.36, 2007.

G. Churkina, J. Tenhunen, P. E. Thornton, J. A. Elbers, M. Erhard et al., Analyzing the Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics of Four European Coniferous Forests Using a Biogeochemistry Model, Ecosystems, vol.6, issue.2, pp.168-184, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-002-0197-2

G. Churkina and S. W. Running, Investigating the balance between timber harvest and productivity of the global coniferous forests under global change, Climatic Change, vol.47, issue.1/2, pp.167-191, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005620808273

G. Churkina and S. W. Running, Contrasting Climatic Controls on the Estimated Productivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes, Ecosystems, vol.1, issue.2, pp.206-215, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s100219900016

P. Ciais, M. Reichstein, N. Viovy, A. Granier, J. Ogee et al., Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity, pp.529-533, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00530.x

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00373792

E. Cienciala, S. W. Running, A. Lindroth, A. Grelle, R. et al., Analysis of carbon and water fluxes from the NOPEX boreal forest: comparison of measurements with FOREST-BGC simulations, Journal of Hydrology, vol.212, issue.213, pp.212-213, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00202-9

B. J. Cosby, G. M. Hornberger, R. B. Clapp, and T. R. Ginn, A Statistical Exploration of the Relationships of Soil Moisture Characteristics to the Physical Properties of Soils, Water Resources Research, vol.20, issue.6, pp.682-690, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/WR020i006p00682

G. J. Collatz, M. Ribas-carbo, and J. A. Berry, Plants, Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, vol.19, issue.5, pp.519-538, 1992.
DOI : 10.1071/PP9920519

G. J. Collatz, J. T. Ball, C. Grivet, and J. A. Berry, Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer, Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, pp.107-136, 1991.

P. M. Cox, Description of the TRIFFID Dynamic Global Vegetation Model, Hadley Centre Technical Note 24, Met Office, 2001.

P. M. Cox, R. A. Betts, C. D. Jones, S. A. Spall, and I. J. Totterdell, Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, vol.408, issue.6809, pp.184-187, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35041539

P. M. Cox, R. A. Betts, C. B. Bunton, R. L. Essery, P. R. Rowntree et al., The impact of new land surface physics on the GCM simulation of climate and climate sensitivity, Clim. Dynam, pp.183-203, 1999.

P. M. Cox, C. Huntingford, and R. J. Harding, A canopy conductance and photo-synthesis model for use in a GCM land surface scheme, J. Hydrol, pp.212-213, 1998.

D. Pury, D. G. Farquhar, and G. D. , Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models, Plant, Cell and Environment, vol.20, issue.5, pp.537-557, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00094.x

Q. Ding and B. Wang, Circumglobal Teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere Summer*, Journal of Climate, vol.18, issue.17, pp.3483-3505, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3473.1

N. Ducoudre, K. Laval, and D. Perrier, SECHIBA, a New Set of Parameterizations of the Hydrologic Exchanges at the Land-Atmosphere Interface within the LMD Atmospheric General Circulation Model, Journal of Climate, vol.6, issue.2, pp.248-273, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0248:SANSOP>2.0.CO;2

R. L. Essery, M. J. Best, R. A. Betts, P. M. Cox, T. et al., Explicit Representation of Subgrid Heterogeneity in a GCM Land Surface Scheme, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.4, issue.3, pp.530-543, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0530:EROSHI>2.0.CO;2

D. M. Etheridge, L. P. Steele, R. L. Langenfelds, R. J. Francey, J. Barnola et al., over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.18, issue.43, pp.4115-4128, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD03410

G. Farquahar, S. Von-caemmerer, and J. Berry, A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, pp.78-80, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00386231

F. Feser, R. Weisse, V. Storch, and H. , Multi-decadal atmospheric modeling for Europe yields multi-purpose data, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.82, issue.28, pp.305-310, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/01EO00176

A. D. Friend, H. H. Shugart, and S. W. Running, A physiologybased model of forest dynamics, Ecology, vol.74, pp.797-797, 1993.

A. Freibauer, Regionalised inventory of biogenic greenhouse gas emissions from European agriculture, European Journal of Agronomy, vol.19, issue.2, pp.135-160, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00020-5

P. Friedlingstein, G. Joel, C. B. Field, and I. Fung, Toward an allocation scheme for global terrestrial carbon models, Global Change Biology, vol.83, issue.7, p.755, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.19.1.573

J. A. Foley, An equilibrium model of the terrestrial carbon budget, pp.310-319, 1995.

J. N. Galloway, F. J. Dentner, D. G. Capone, E. W. Boyer, R. W. Howarth et al., Nitrogen Cycles: Past, Present, and Future, Biogeochemistry, vol.46, issue.58, pp.153-226, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s10533-004-0370-0

D. Gregory and R. N. Smith, Canopy, surface and soil hydrology Unified Model documentation paper 25, Meteorological Offce, 1990.

Z. Guo and P. A. Dirmeyer, Evaluation of the Second Global Soil Wetness Project soil moisture simulations: 1. Intermodel comparison, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.38, issue.8, pp.22-24, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD007233

R. G. Harrison, C. D. Jones, and J. K. Hughes, Competing roles of rising CO<sub>2</sub> and climate change in the contemporary European carbon balance, Biogeosciences, vol.5, issue.1, pp.1-10, 2008.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-5-1-2008

A. Haxeltine and I. C. Prentice, BIOME3: An equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model based on ecophysiological constraints, resource availability, and competition among plant functional types, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.9, issue.4, pp.693-710, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96GB02344

E. A. Holland, F. J. Dentner, B. H. Braswell, and J. M. Sulzmann, Contemporary and pre-industrial global reactive nitrogen budgets Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC): Climate change 2007: Physical science basis. Summary for Policymakers, Biogeochemistry, vol.46, pp.7-43, 1999.

D. Jacob and R. Podzun, Sensitivity studies with the regional climate model REMO, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol.117, issue.1-2, pp.119-129, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01025368

C. Jacobs, Direct impact of atmospheric CO 2 enrichment on regional transpiration, 1994.

T. C. Johns, C. F. Durman, H. T. Banks, M. J. Roberts, A. J. Mclaren et al., The New Hadley Centre Climate Model (HadGEM1): Evaluation of Coupled Simulations, The new Hadley Centre climate model HadGEM1: Evaluation of coupled simulations, pp.1327-1353, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3712.1

W. M. Jolly, M. Dobberlin, N. E. Zimmermann, and M. And-reichstein, Divergent vegetation growth responses to the 2003 heat wave in the Swiss Alps, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.9, issue.4-5, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL023252

C. D. Jones and P. M. Cox, On the significance of atmospheric CO 2 growth-rate anomalies in, Geophys. Res. Lett, vol.32, p.10, 1029.

M. Jung, K. Henkel, M. Herold, C. , and G. , Exploiting synergies of global land cover products for carbon cycle modeling, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.101, issue.4, pp.534-553, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.020

C. D. Keeling and T. P. Whorf, Atmospheric CO 2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network, In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, 2005.

J. Lloyd and J. A. Taylor, On the Temperature Dependence of Soil Respiration, Functional Ecology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.315-323, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2389824

W. Koch and F. Feser, Relationship between SAR-Derived Wind Vectors and Wind at 10-m Height Represented by a Mesoscale Model, Monthly Weather Review, vol.134, issue.5, pp.1505-1517, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/MWR3134.1

C. Korner, J. Perterer, C. Altrichter, A. Meusburger, S. Slovik et al., A simple empirical model to estimate annual dry deposition of atmospheric pollutants in needles of spruce and pine, pp.1-9, 1995.

G. Krinner, N. Viovy, N. De-noblet-ducoudre, J. Ogee, J. Polcher et al., A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.113, issue.D19, pp.101510-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002559

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00374606

O. A. Lucero and N. C. Rodriguez, Spatial organization in Europe of decadal and interdecadal fluctuations in annual rainfall, International Journal of Climatology, vol.10, issue.1, pp.805-820, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.756

W. Lucht, C. B. Schaaf, and A. H. Strahler, An algorithm for the retrieval of albedo from space using semiempirical BRDF models, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.38, issue.2, pp.977-998, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/36.841980

A. Mcguire, J. Melillo, L. Joyce, D. Kicklighter, A. Grace et al., Interactions between carbon and nitrogen dynamics in estimating net primary productivity for potential vegetation in North America, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.34, issue.2, pp.101-124, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92GB00219

J. L. Monteith, Accommodation between transpiring vegetation and the convective boundary layer, Journal of Hydrology, vol.166, issue.3-4, pp.251-263, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(94)05086-D

J. L. Monteith, Evaporation and environment, Symposium of the society of experimental biology, pp.205-234, 1965.

R. P. Neilson, Vegetation redistribution: a possible biosphere source of CO 2 during climate change, Water, Air and Aoil Pollution, pp.659-673, 1993.

R. R. Nemani, C. D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto, W. M. Jolly, S. C. Piper et al., Climatedriven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from, Science, issue.5625, pp.300-1560, 1982.

V. A. Orchard and F. J. Cook, Relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.15, issue.4, pp.447-453, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(83)90010-X

K. E. Owen, J. Tenhunen, M. Reichstein, Q. Wang, E. Falge et al., Linking flux network measurements to continental scale simulations: ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange capacity under non-water-stressed conditions, Global Change Biology, vol.44, issue.4, pp.734-760, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01326.x

D. Papale, M. Reichstein, M. Aubinet, E. Canfora, C. Bernhofer et al., Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosyswww, biogeosciences.net Biogeosciences, vol.561, issue.5, pp.561-583, 2008.

M. Vetter, European 2003 carbon flux anomaly using 7 models tem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, vol.3, pp.571-583, 2006.

D. Papale and R. Valentini, A new assessment of European forests carbon exchanges by eddy fluxes and artificial neural network spatialization, Global Change Biology, vol.23, issue.1, pp.525-535, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00101-5

M. Reichstein, P. Ciais, D. Papale, R. Valentini, S. W. Running et al., Reduction of ecosystem productivity and respiration during the European summer 2003 climate anomaly: a joint flux tower, remote sensing and modelling analysis, Global Change Biology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.1-18, 2006.
DOI : 4010.1029/2002JD02510

M. Reichstein, E. Falge, D. Baldocchi, D. Papale, M. Aubinet et al., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm, pp.1424-1439, 2005.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00435.x

M. Reichstein, R. Valentini, S. W. Running, and J. And-tenhunen, Improving remote-sensing based GPP estimates (MODIS-MOD17) through inverse parameter estimation with CARBOEUROPE eddy covariance flux data, EGU meeting Nice, Geophys. Res. Abstracts, vol.6, p.1388, 2004.

M. Reichtein, A. Rey, A. Freibauer, J. Tenhunen, R. Valentini et al., Modelling temporal and largescale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability , temperature and vegetation productivity indices, Global Biogeochem. Cy, vol.1715, issue.15, pp.1-15, 2003.

M. Reichstein, J. Tenhunen, J. Ourcival, S. Rambal, F. Maglietta et al., O exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.23, issue.D23, pp.4726-47164721, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD003430

M. Reichstein, Drought effects on carbon and water exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems, p.150, 2001.

L. Richards, CAPILLARY CONDUCTION OF LIQUIDS THROUGH POROUS MEDIUMS, Physics, vol.1, issue.5, pp.318-333, 1931.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1745010

S. W. Running and S. T. Gower, FOREST-BGC, A general model of forest ecosystem processes for regional applications. II. Dynamic carbon allocation and nitrogen budgets, Tree Physiology, vol.9, issue.1-2, pp.147-160, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/treephys/9.1-2.147

S. W. Running, R. R. Nemani, F. A. Heinsch, M. Zhao, M. Reeves et al., A Continuous Satellite-Derived Measure of Global Terrestrial Primary Production, BioScience, vol.54, issue.6, pp.54-547, 2004.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2

K. E. Saxton, W. J. Rawls, J. S. Romberger, and R. I. Papendick, Estimating Generalized Soil-water Characteristics from Texture, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1031-1036, 1986.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000040054x

M. Scardi, Advances in neural network modeling of phytoplankton primary production, Ecological modeling Ecological Modelling, pp.33-45, 2001.

D. S. Schimel, G. Churkina, R. H. Braswell, and J. Trembath, Remembrance of weather past: Ecosystem response to climate variability, in: A history of atmospheric CO 2 and its effects on plants, animals, and ecosystems, 2005.

D. Schindler, M. Türk, M. , and H. , CO2 fluxes of a Scots pine forest growing in the warm and dry southern upper Rhine plain, SW Germany, European Journal of Forest Research, vol.113, issue.D24, pp.201-212, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00109-0

S. Sitch, . Smith, I. C. Prentice, A. Arneth, A. Bondeau et al., Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model, Global Change Biology, vol.87802, issue.5, pp.161-185, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1466-822x.2001.00175.x

D. G. Sprugel, M. G. Ryan, and J. R. Brooks, Respiration from the Organ Level to the Stand, pp.25-299, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-092591-2.50013-3

V. H. Storch, H. Langenberg, and F. Feser, A Spectral Nudging Technique for Dynamical Downscaling Purposes, Monthly Weather Review, vol.128, issue.10, pp.3664-3673, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3664:ASNTFD>2.0.CO;2

J. Tenhunen, R. Geyer, J. Banza, C. Besson, J. Carreiras et al., Assessing ecology, vulnerability and ecosystem services of Mediterranean oak woodlands, in: Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration, 2007.

P. E. Thornton, B. E. Law, H. L. Gholz, K. L. Clark, E. Falge et al., Modelling and measuring the effects of disturbance history on carbon and water budgets in evergreen needleleaf forests Agricultural and forest meteorology, pp.185-222, 2002.

R. M. Trigo, R. Garcia-herrera, J. Diaz, I. F. Trigo, and M. A. Valente, How exceptional was the early August 2003 heatwave in France?, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.20, issue.10, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL022410

P. J. Verburg, J. Laresen, D. W. Johnson, D. E. Schorran, and I. J. Arnone, Impacts of an anomalously warm year on soil CO2 efflux in experimentally manipulated tallgrass prairie ecosystems, Global Change Biology, vol.1, issue.10, pp.1720-1732, 1032.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2001.d01-13.x

D. Wutzler, T. , W. , and G. , Partitioning direct and indirect human-induced effects on carbon sequestration of managed coniferous forests using model simulations and forest inventories, Glob. Change Biol, vol.11, pp.810-827, 2005.

N. Viovy, Interannuality and CO2 sensitivity of the SECHIBA-BGC coupled SVAT-BGC model, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, vol.21, issue.5-6, pp.489-493, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-1946(97)81147-0

I. E. Woodrow and J. A. Berry, Enzymatic Regulation of Photosynthetic CO2, Fixation in C3 Plants, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.533-594, 1988.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pp.39.060188.002533

S. Zaehle, A. Bondeau, T. Carter, W. Cramer, M. Erhard et al., Projected Changes in Terrestrial Carbon Storage in Europe under Climate and Land-use Change, 1990???2100, Ecosystems, vol.16, issue.4, pp.380-40110, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/s10021-007-9028-9

N. Zeng, H. Quian, C. Rödenbeck, and M. Heimann, Impact of 1998-2002 midlatitude drought and warming on terrestrial ecosystem and the global carbon cycle, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.19, issue.7017, pp.10-1029, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2004GB002273

X. Zhang, M. A. Friedl, C. B. Schaaf, and A. H. Strahler, Climate controls on vegetation phenological patterns in northern mid- and high latitudes inferred from MODIS data, Global Change Biology, vol.106, issue.7, pp.1133-1145, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00784.x

I. I. Zveryaev, Seasonality in precipitation variability over Europe, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.19, issue.12, pp.10-1029, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2003JD003668