B. Ahn, R. Robinson, Y. Kamide, and S. Akasofu, Electric conductivities, electric fields and auroral particle energy injection rate in the auroral ionosphere and their empirical relations to the horizontal magnetic disturbances, Planetary and Space Science, vol.31, issue.6, pp.31-641, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-0633(83)90005-3

B. Ahn, A. Richmond, Y. Kamide, H. Kroehl, B. Emery et al., An ionospheric conductance model based on ground magnetic disturbance data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.86, issue.10, p.14769, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JA03088

O. Amm, Comment on " A three-dimensional, iterative mapping procedure for the implementation of an ionospheremagnetosphere anisotropic Ohm's law boundary condition in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations, Ann. Geophysicae, vol.14, p.773, 1996.

A. Brekke and J. Moen, Observations of high latitude ionospheric conductances, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, vol.55, issue.11-12, p.1493, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9169(93)90126-J

J. Fedder and J. Lyon, The solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere current-voltage relationship, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.13, issue.8, p.880, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/GL014i008p00880

R. Frahm, J. Winningham, J. R. Sharber, R. Link, G. Crowley et al., The diffuse aurora: A significant source of ionization in the middle atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.98, issue.D23, pp.28-203, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02430

N. Fukushima, Equivalence in ground geomagneitc effect of Chapman-Vestine's and Birkland-Alfvén's electric currentsystems for polar magnetic storms, Rep. Ionos. Space Res. Jpn, vol.23, issue.3, 1969.

T. Fuller-rowell and D. Evans, Height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivity patterns inferred from the TIROS-NOAA satellite data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.88, issue.A7, p.7606, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JA092iA07p07606

M. Galand, T. Fuller-rowell, and M. Codrescu, Response of the upper atmosphere to auroral protons, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.80, issue.A1, p.127, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JA002009

M. L. Goodman, A three-dimensional, iterative mapping procedure for the implementation of an ionosphere-magnetosphere anisotropic Ohm's law boundary condition in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations, Annales Geophysicae, vol.13, issue.8, p.843, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-995-0843-z

A. Green, C. Lindenmayer, and M. Griggs, Molecular absorption in planetary atmospheres, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.53, issue.8, p.493, 1964.
DOI : 10.1029/JZ069i003p00493

D. Hardy, M. Gussenhoven, and E. Holeman, A statistical model of auroral electron precipitation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.78, issue.A5, p.4229, 1985.
DOI : 10.1029/JA090iA05p04229

D. Hardy, M. Gussenhoven, R. Raistrick, and W. Mcneil, Statistical and fuctional representation of the pattern of auroral energy flux, number flux, and conductivity, J. Geophys. Res, vol.92, issue.12, p.275, 1987.

T. Hill and M. Rassbach, Interplanetary magnetic field direction and the configuration of the dayside magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res, vol.80, issue.1, 1975.

T. Iijima and T. A. Potemra, The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.72, issue.13, p.2165, 1976.
DOI : 10.1029/JA081i013p02165

S. Knight, Parallel electric fields, Planetary and Space Science, vol.21, issue.5, p.741, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-0633(73)90093-7

M. W. Liemohn, J. U. Kozyra, M. F. Thomsen, J. L. Roeder, G. Lu et al., The dominant role of the asymmetric ring current in producing the stormtime D st *, J. Geophys. Res, vol.106, issue.10, p.883, 2001.

J. Lilensten, P. Blelly, W. Kofman, A. , and D. , Auroral ionospheric conductivities: a comparison between experiment and modeling, and theoretical f_10.7-dependent model for EISCAT and ESR, Annales Geophysicae, vol.14, issue.12, p.1297, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-996-1297-7

K. Liou, P. Newell, C. Meng, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Synoptic auroral distribution: A survey using Polar ultraviolet imagery, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.71, issue.21, pp.27-197, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JA02638

A. Lui and D. Hamilton, Radial profiles of quiet time magnetospheric parameters, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.30, issue.A12, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JA01539

D. Lummerzheim, M. H. Rees, J. Craven, and L. Frank, Ionospheric conductances derived from DE-1 auroral images, Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, vol.53, issue.3-4, p.281, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9169(91)90112-K

M. Mchenry and C. Clauer, Modeled ground magnetic signitures of flux transfer events, J. Geophys. Res, vol.92, issue.11, pp.231-242, 1987.

J. Moen and A. Brekke, The solar flux influence on quiet time conductances in the auroral ionosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.28, issue.4, p.971, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/92GL02109

P. Newell and C. Meng, Mapping the dayside ionosphere to the magnetosphere according to particle precipitation characteristics, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.80, issue.6, p.609, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92GL00404

V. Papitashvili, F. Rich, M. Heinemann, and M. Hairston, Parameterization of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ionospheric electrostatic potentials by the interplanetary magnetic field strength and direction, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.102, issue.26, pp.177-184, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998JA900053

C. Peymirat, A. Richmond, B. Emery, R. , and R. , A magnetosphere-thermosphere-ionosphere electrodynamics general circulation model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.6, issue.A8, pp.17-467, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JA01235

C. Peymirat, A. Richmond, R. , and R. , Neutral wind influence on the electrodynamic coupling between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.6, issue.3, p.1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JA900106

K. Powell, P. Roe, T. Linde, T. Gombosi, and D. D. Zeeuw, A Solution-Adaptive Upwind Scheme for Ideal Magnetohydrodynamics, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.154, issue.2, p.284, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jcph.1999.6299

J. Raeder, J. Berchem, and M. Ashour-abdalla, The importance of small scale processes in global MHD simulations: Some numerical experiments, in The Physics of Space Plasmas, J. R, vol.14, p.403, 1996.

J. Raeder, J. Berchem, and M. Ashour-abdalla, The Geospace Environment Modeling Grand Challenge: Results from a Global Geospace Circulation Model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.98, issue.1, pp.14-787, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JA00014

J. Raeder, R. Mcpherron, L. Frank, S. Kokubun, G. Lu et al., Global simulation of the Geospace Environment Modeling substorm challenge event, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.99, issue.A1, p.281, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JA000605

A. Richmond and Y. Kamide, Mapping electrodynamic features of the high-latitude ionosphere from localized observations: Technique, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.86, issue.A6, p.5741, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/JA093iA06p05741

A. Ridley, G. Crowley, R. Frahm, D. Winningham, J. Sharber et al., Variations of the thermospheric nitric oxide mass mixing ratio as a function of Kp, altitude, and magnetic local time, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.98, issue.11, p.1541, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL900301

A. Ridley, D. D. Zeeuw, T. Gombosi, P. , and K. , Using steady state MHD results to predict the global state of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.87, issue.A12, pp.30-067, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JA002233

A. Ridley, K. Hansen, G. Tóth, D. D. Zeeuw, T. Gombosi et al., University of Michigan MHD results of the GGCM Metrics challenge, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, issue.A10, pp.129010-1029, 2002.

A. Ridley, T. Gombosi, D. D. Zeeuw, C. Clauer, R. et al., Ionospheric control of the magnetospheric configuration: Thermospheric neutral winds, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.19, issue.A10, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JA009464

R. Robinson, R. Vondrak, K. Miller, T. Dabbs, and D. Hardy, On calculating ionospheric conductances from the flux and energy of precipitating electrons, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.86, issue.A3, p.2565, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JA092iA03p02565

C. Senior, Solar and particle contributions to auroral heightintegrated conductivities from EISCAT data: a statistical study, p.449, 1991.

G. L. Siscoe, G. Erickson, B. Sonnerup, N. Maynard, J. Schoendorf et al., Hill model of transpolar potential saturation: Comparisons with MHD simulations, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.125, issue.A6, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JA000109

T. Solirelis and P. Newell, Boundary-oriented electron precipitation model, J. Geophys. Res, vol.105, 2000.

P. Song, T. Gombosi, and A. Ridley, Three-fluid Ohm's law, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, vol.106, issue.A5, p.8149, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JA000423

R. Spiro, P. Reiff, and J. Maher, Precipitating electron energy flux and auroral zone conductances-An empirical model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.86, issue.A10, p.8215, 1982.
DOI : 10.1029/JA087iA10p08215

D. Torr, M. Torr, H. Brinton, L. Brace, N. Spencer et al., layer of the ionosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.79, issue.A7, p.3360, 1979.
DOI : 10.1029/JA084iA07p03360

D. Weimer, A flexible, IMF dependent model of high-latitude electric potentials having ???Space Weather??? applications, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.100, issue.18, p.2549, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96GL02255