Coupled carbon-water exchange of the Amazon rain forest, II. Comparison of predicted and observed seasonal exchange of energy, CO₂, isoprene and ozone at a remote site in Rondônia

E. Simon (1) , F. X. Meixner (1) , U. Rummel (2) , L. Ganzeveld (3) , C. Ammann (4) , J. Kesselmeier (1)

1 Biogeochemistry Department [Mainz]
2 MOL-RAO - Lindenberg Meteorological Observatory - Richard Assmann Observatory
3 Atmospheric Chemistry Department [MPIC]
4 Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculture

A one-dimensional multi-layer scheme describing the coupled exchange of energy and CO₂, the emission of isoprene and the dry deposition of ozone is applied to a rain forest canopy in southwest Amazonia. The model was constrained using mean diel cycles of micrometeorological quantities observed during two periods in the wet and dry season 1999. Predicted net fluxes and concentration profiles for both seasonal periods are compared to observations made at two nearby towers.

The predicted day- and nighttime thermal stratification of the canopy layer is consistent with observations in dense canopies. The observed and calculated net fluxes above and H₂O and CO₂ concentration profiles within the canopy show a good agreement. The predicted net carbon sink decreases from 2.5 t C ha^-1yr^-1 for wet season conditions to 1 t C ha^-1yr^-1 for dry season conditions, whereas observed and predicted midday Bowen ratio increases from 0.5 to 0.8. The evaluation results confirmed a seasonal variability of leaf physiological parameters, as already suggested in the companion study. The predicted midday canopy net flux of isoprene increased from 7.1 mg C m^-2h^-1 during the wet season to 11.4 mg C m^-2h^-1 during the late dry season. Applying a constant emission capacity in all canopy layers, resulted in a disagreement between observed and simulated profiles of isoprene concentrations, suggesting a smaller emission capacity of shade adapted leaves and deposition to the soil or leaf surfaces. Assuming a strong light acclimation of emission capacity, equivalent to a 66% reduction of the standard emission factor for leaves in the lower canopy, resulted in a better agreement of observed and calculated concentration profiles and a 30% reduction of the canopy net flux. The mean calculated ozone flux for dry season condition at noontime was ?12 nmol m^-2s^-1, agreeing well with observed values. The corresponding deposition velocity increased from 0.8 cm s^-1 to >1.6 cm s^-1 in the wet season, which can not be explained by increased stomatal uptake. Considering reasonable physiological changes in stomatal regulation, the predicted value was not larger than 1.05 cm s^-1. Instead, the observed fluxes could be explained with the model by decreasing the cuticular resistance to ozone deposition from 5000 to 1000 s m^-1. For doubled atmospheric CO₂ concentrations the model predicts a strong increase of surface temperatures (0.1?1°C) and net assimilation (22%), a considerable shift in the energy budget (?25% decreasing transpiration and increasing sensible heat), a slight increase of isoprene emissions (10%) and a strong decrease of ozone deposition (35%).

Domaines: Cosmologie et astrophysique extra-galactique [astro-ph.CO]; Astrophysique [astro-ph]; Interfaces continentales, environnement; Océan, Atmosphère; Sciences de la Terre

E. Simon, F. X. Meixner, U. Rummel, L. Ganzeveld, C. Ammann, et al.. Coupled carbon-water exchange of the Amazon rain forest, II. Comparison of predicted and observed seasonal exchange of energy, CO₂, isoprene and ozone at a remote site in Rondônia. Biogeosciences Discussions, 2005, 2 (2), pp.399-449. ⟨hal-00297742⟩