P. J. Adams, J. H. Seinfeld, and D. M. Koch, Global concentrations of tropospheric sulphate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res, vol.104, issue.13, pp.11-791, 1999.

P. J. Adams, J. H. Seinfeld, D. M. Koch, L. Mickley, J. et al., General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulphate-nitrate-ammonium-water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res, vol.102, pp.1-1097, 2001.

A. S. Ansari and S. N. Pandis, Response of Inorganic PM to Precursor Concentrations, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.32, issue.18, pp.2706-2714, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/es971130j

W. A. Asman, Factors influencing local dry deposition of gases with special reference to ammonia, Atmospheric Environment, vol.32, issue.3, pp.415-421, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00166-0

W. A. Asman, Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of ammonia and ammonium: an overview with special reference to Denmark, Atmospheric Environment, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1969-1983, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00548-3

W. A. Asman and A. J. Janssen, A long-range transport model for ammonia and ammonium for Europe, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.21, issue.10, pp.2099-2119, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(87)90344-1

M. Basset and J. H. Seinfeld, Atmospheric equilibrium model of sulfate and nitrate aerosols, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.17, issue.11, pp.2237-2252, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(83)90221-4

A. Bogaard and J. Duyzer, Een vergelijking tussen resultaten van metingen en berekeningen van de concentratie van ammoniak in de buienlucht op een schaal kleiner dan5 kilometer, 1997.

P. J. Builtjes, The LOTOS ? Long Term Ozone Simulation ? project, 1992.

P. J. Builtjes, M. Van-loon, M. Schaap, S. Teeuwisse, A. J. Visschedijnk et al., Project on the modelling and verification of ozone reduction strategies: contribution of TNO-MEP, 2003.

R. J. Charlson, S. E. Schwartz, J. M. Hales, R. D. Cess, J. A. Coakley et al., Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols, Science, vol.255, issue.5043, pp.423-430, 1992.
DOI : 10.1126/science.255.5043.423

F. J. Dentener and P. J. Crutzen, , and OH, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.VI, issue.D4, pp.7149-7163, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD02979

F. J. Dentener and P. J. Crutzen, A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, vol.321, issue.4, pp.331-369, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00694492

N. L. Eatough, S. Mcgregor, E. A. Lewis, D. J. Eatough, A. A. Huang et al., Comparison of six denuder methods and a filter pack for the collection of ambient HNO3(g), HNO2(g) and SO2(g) in the 1985 NSMC study, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.22, issue.8, pp.1601-1618, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90388-5

J. W. Erisman, A. W. Vermetten, W. A. Asman, A. Waijers-ijpelaan, and J. Slanina, Vertical distribution of gases and aerosols: The behaviour of ammonia and related components in the lower atmosphere, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.22, issue.6, pp.1153-1160, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90345-9

J. W. Erisman, A. Van-pul, and P. Wyers, Parametrization of surface resistance for the quantification of atmospheric deposition of acidifying pollutants and ozone, Atmospheric Environment, vol.28, issue.16, pp.2595-2607, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90433-2

P. Guttorp, Models for transportation and deposition of atmospheric pollutants, 1986.

H. Hass, P. J. Builtjes, D. Simpson, and R. Stern, Comparison of model results obtained with several european regional air quality models, Atmospheric Environment, vol.31, issue.19, pp.3259-3297, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00066-6

H. Hass, M. Van-loon, C. Kessler, R. Stern, J. Matthijsen et al., Aerosol Modelling: Results and Intercomparison from European Regional-scale Modelling Systems, Eurotrac publication in press, 2003.

J. M. Haywood and O. Boucher, Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols: A review, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.103, issue.31, pp.513-543, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999RG000078

J. M. Haywood and K. P. Shine, Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.55, issue.543, pp.1907-1930, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712354307

S. Hering and G. Cass, Arising from Volatilization of Particulate Nitrate from Teflon Filters, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol.49, issue.6, pp.725-733, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463843

J. Heintzenberg, K. Müller, W. Birmili, G. Spindler, and A. Wiedensohler, Mass-related aerosol properties over the Leipzig Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.37, issue.D11, pp.11-125, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD00922

I. and C. Change, The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2001.

D. J. Jacob, Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmospheric Environment, vol.34, issue.12-14, pp.2131-2159, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00462-8

M. Z. Jacobson, Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.9, issue.D2, pp.1551-1568, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900514

A. J. Janssen and W. A. Asman, Effective removal parameters in long-range air pollution transport models, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.22, issue.2, pp.359-367, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(88)90041-8

A. Jeuken, J. P. Veefkind, F. Dentener, S. Metzger, and C. Robles-gonzalez, Simulation of the aerosol optical depth over Europe for August 1997 and a comparison with observations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.25, issue.No. 7, pp.295-323, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900063

P. Kasibhatla, W. L. Chameides, J. , and J. S. , A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmospheric burden of anthropogenic sulfate aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.27, issue.D3, pp.3737-3759, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03084

V. M. Kerminen, R. Hillamo, K. Teinila, T. Pakkanen, I. Allegrini et al., Ion balances of size-resolved tropospheric aerosol samples: implications for the acidity and atmospheric processing of aerosols, Meteorological Data Preparation for the REM/CALGRID-model UBA-project 29943246, pp.5255-5265, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00345-4

J. T. Kiehl and B. P. Briegleb, The Relative Roles of Sulfate Aerosols and Greenhouse Gases in Climate Forcing, Science, vol.33, issue.4282, pp.311-314, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.195.4282.979

P. Koepke, M. Hess, I. Schult, and E. P. Shettle, Global aerosol data set, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, 1997.

G. Kouvarakis, Y. Doukelis, N. Mihalopoulos, S. Rapsomanikis, J. Sciare et al., Chemical, physical, and optical characterization of aerosols during PAUR II experiment, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.107, issue.DX, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000291

E. Matthews, Vegetation, land-use and seasonal albedo data sets: Documentation and archived data tape, NASA Tech, p.86107, 1984.

Z. Meng and J. H. Seinfeld, Time scales to achieve atmospheric gas-aerosol equilibrium for volatile species, Atmospheric Environment, vol.30, issue.16, pp.2889-2900, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00493-9

T. F. Mentel, M. Sohn, and A. Wahner, Nitrate effect in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on aqueous aerosols, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.1, issue.24, pp.5451-5457, 1999.
DOI : 10.1039/a905338g

S. Metzger, F. J. Dentener, S. N. Pandis, and J. Lelieveld, Gas/aerosol partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.31, issue.2, pp.10-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001102

S. M. Metzger, F. J. Dentener, A. Jeuken, M. Krol, and J. Lelieveld, Gas/aerosol partitioning II: Global modelling results, J. Geophys . Res, pp.0-1029, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001jd001103

M. Mozurkewich, The dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate and its dependence on temperature, relative humidity and particle size, Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, vol.27, issue.2, pp.261-270, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0960-1686(93)90356-4

A. Nenes, C. Pilinis, and S. N. Pandis, Isorropia: A new thermodynamic model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols, Aquatic Geochemistry, vol.4, issue.1, pp.123-152, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009604003981

W. A. Nijenhuis and S. M. Groten, Surface cover related input data for 3-D atmospheric-chemistry models, 1999.

J. Putaud, U. Baltensperger, E. Brüggemann, M. C. Facchini, S. Fuzzi et al., A European Aerosol Phenomenology: physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, 2003.

N. Riemer, H. Vogel, B. Schell, I. Ackermann, C. Kessler et al., on chemistry and nitrate aerosol formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.30, issue.D4, pp.4-414410, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002436

C. Robles-gonzalez, J. P. Veefkind, and G. De-leeuw, Aerosol optical depth over Europe in August 1997 derived from ATSR-2 data, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.25, issue.7, pp.955-958, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL010962

C. Robles-gonzalez, M. Schaap, G. De-leeuw, P. J. Builtjes, and M. Van-loon, Spatial variation of aerosol properties derived from satellite observations, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2003.
DOI : 10.5194/acpd-3-355-2003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00300876

G. J. Roelofs, P. Kasibhatla, L. Barrie, D. Bergmann, C. Bridgeman et al., Analysis of regional budgets of sulphur species modeled for the COSAM exercise, pp.673-694, 2001.

M. Roemer, The tropospheric budgets and trends of methane, carbon moNO x ide and ozone on a global scale, TNO-publication P95/035, 1995.

M. Roemer, M. Beekmann, R. Bergström, G. Boersen, H. Feldmann et al., Ozone trends according to ten dispersion models, Eurotrac publication in press, 2003.

M. Schaap, K. Muller, and H. M. Brink, Constructing the European aerosol nitrate concentration field from experimental data, ECN-report RX?, pp.1-033, 2001.

M. Schaap, K. Muller, and H. M. Brink, Constructing the European aerosol nitrate concentration field from quality analysed data, Atmospheric Environment, vol.36, issue.8, pp.1323-1335, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00556-8

M. Schaap, On the importance of aerosol nitrate in Europe, 2003.

M. Schulz, J. Van-beusekom, and K. Bigalke, Der Einfluss der Atmosph??re auf die Stickstoff-, POP- und Energieums??tze in der Deutschen Bucht, Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, vol.33, issue.2-3, pp.133-154, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02764172

S. Tamm and M. Schulz, Open-ocean aerosol composition obtained during 15 months on a North Sea ferry, Atmospheric Environment, vol.37, pp.133-143, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00241-3

L. Tarrason and T. Iversen, Modelling intercontinental transport of atmospheric sulphur in the northern hemisphere, Tellus B, vol.50, issue.4, pp.331-352, 1998.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-3-00002.x

T. Brink, H. M. Kruisz, C. Kos, G. P. Berner, and A. , Composition/size of the light-scattering aerosol in the Netherlands, Atmospheric Environment, vol.31, issue.23, pp.3955-3962, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00232-X

T. Brink, H. M. Schaap, and M. , Aerosol Nitrate, a Dominant Atmospheric Trace Component in Europe?!, Proceedings of the workshop: Air Pollution as a Climate Forcing, p.29

S. Tsyro, First estimates of the effect of aerosol dynamics in the calculation of PM10 and PM2, 2002.

K. W. Van-der-hoek, Estimating ammonia emission factors in Europe, Atmospheric Environment, vol.32, issue.3, pp.315-316, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00168-4

R. Van-dorland, F. J. Dentener, and J. Lelieveld, Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res, vol.102, pp.23-28, 1997.

J. P. Veefkind, J. C. Van-der-hage, and H. M. Brink, Nephelometer derived and directly measured aerosol optical depth of the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmospheric Research, vol.41, issue.3-4, pp.217-228, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-8095(96)00011-7

J. G. Verwer, Gauss???Seidel Iteration for Stiff ODES from Chemical Kinetics, SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, vol.15, issue.5, pp.1243-1250, 1994.
DOI : 10.1137/0915076
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.54.4916

J. J. West, C. Pilinis, A. Nenes, and S. N. Pandis, Marginal direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols, Atmospheric Environment, vol.32, issue.14-15, pp.2531-2542, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00003-X

J. J. West, A. S. Ansari, and S. N. Pandis, : Nonlinear Aerosol Mass Response to Sulfate Reductions in the Eastern United States, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, vol.49, issue.12, pp.1415-1424, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/10473289.1999.10463973

K. T. Whitby, The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.12, issue.1-3, pp.135-159, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(78)90196-8

G. Whitten, H. Hogo, and J. Killus, The carbon-bond mechanism: a condensed kinetic mechanism for photochemical smog, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.14, issue.6, pp.690-704, 1980.
DOI : 10.1021/es60166a008

Y. Zhang, C. Seigneur, J. H. Seinfeld, M. Jacobson, S. L. Clegg et al., A comparative review of inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium modules: similarities, differences, and their likely causes, Atmospheric Environment, vol.34, issue.1, p.117, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00236-8

R. Zimmerling, U. Daemmgen, and U. Behrens, Konzentrationen versauernd und eutrophierend wirkender Spurengase und Aerosol-Bestandteile in Nordost-Brandenburg, Landbauforschung Volkenrode, special issue, pp.43-93, 2000.