D. Alongi, Quantitative estimates of benthic protozoa in tropical marine systems using silica gel: A comparison of methods, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.23, issue.4, pp.443-450, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7714(86)90002-8

L. Avery and B. Shtonda, Food transport in the C. elegans pharynx, Journal of Experimental Biology, vol.206, issue.14, pp.2441-395, 2003.
DOI : 10.1242/jeb.00433

F. Azam, T. Fenchel, J. Field, J. Gray, L. Meyer-reil et al., The Ecological Role of Water-Column Microbes in the Sea, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.10, pp.257-263, 1983.
DOI : 10.3354/meps010257

R. Bak, F. Van-duyl, G. Nieuwland, and A. Kop, Benthic heterotrophic nanoflagellates in north sea field/mesocosm bottoms and their response to algal sedimentation, Ophelia, vol.18, issue.3, pp.187-196, 0400.
DOI : 10.1080/00785326.1991.10429709

J. Bernhard and S. Bowser, Bacterial biofilms as a trophic resource for certain benthic foraminifera, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.83, pp.263-272, 1992.
DOI : 10.3354/meps083263

C. Blanc, M. Sy, D. Djigal, A. Brauman, N. P. Villenave et al., Nutrition on??bacteria by??bacterial-feeding nematodes and??consequences on??the??structure of??soil bacterial community, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.42, pp.70-78, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.06.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00135564

G. Blanchard, J. Guarini, L. Provot, P. Richard, and P. Sauriau, Measurement of ingestion rate of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) on intertidal epipelic microalgae: the effect of mud snail density, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.255, issue.2, pp.247-260, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(00)00292-6

K. Carman, Mechanisms of uptake of radioactive labels by meiobenthic copepods during grazing experiments, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.68, pp.71-83, 1990.
DOI : 10.3354/meps068071

K. Carman, Radioactive labeling of a natural assemblages of marine sedimentary 412 bacteria and microalgae for trophic studies: an autoradiographic study, Microb Ecol, vol.413, issue.19, pp.279-290, 1990.

K. Carman, F. Dobbs, and J. Guckert, Comparison of three techniques for administering radiolabeled substrates to sediments for trophic studies: uptake of label by harpacticoid copepods, Marine Biology, vol.63, issue.1, pp.119-125, 0416.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00391329

K. Carman and D. Thistle, Microbial food partitioning by three species of benthic copepods, Marine Biology, vol.47, issue.2, pp.143-148, 1985.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00397161

G. Chandler, Foraminifera may structure meiobentic communities, Oecologia, vol.81, pp.353-420, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/bf00377083

D. Mesel, I. Derycke, S. Moens, T. Van-der-gucht, K. Vincx et al., Top-down impact of bacterivorous nematodes on the bacterial community structure: a microcosm study, Environmental Microbiology, vol.39, issue.7, pp.733-744, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-6496(97)00092-5

A. Duncan, F. Schiemer, and R. Klekowski, A preliminary study of feeding rates on 425 bacterial food by adult femals of a benthic nematode, Plectus palustris de Man 1880, 426 Pol Arch Hydrobiol, vol.21, pp.249-258, 1974.

S. Epstein, Microbial Food Webs in Marine Sediments. I. Trophic Interactions and Grazing Rates in Two Tidal Flat Communities, Microbial Ecology, vol.34, issue.3, pp.188-198, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s002489900048

S. Epstein and M. Shiaris, Rates of microbenthic and meiobenthic bacterivory in a 430 temperate muddy tidal flat community, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.58, pp.2426-2431, 1992.

V. Forbes and G. Lopez, The role of sediment particle size in the nutritional energetics of a surface deposit-feeder. I. Ingestion and absorption of sedimentary microalgae by Hydrobia truncata (Vanatta), Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.126, issue.3, pp.181-192, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(89)90185-8

J. Fuhrman, Influence of method on the apparent size distribution of bacterioplankton 435 cells: epifluorescence microscopy compared to scanning electron microscopy, 1981.

A. Gelsomino, A. Keijzer-wolters, G. Cacco, and J. Van-elsas, Assessment of bacterial community structure in soil by polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis., Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.38, issue.1-2, pp.1-15, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00054-8

S. Gerlach, Food-chain relationships in subtidal silty sand marine sediments and the role of meiofauna in stimulating bacterial productivity, Oecologia, vol.1, issue.B, pp.55-69, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00376996

P. Grewal and R. Wright, Migration of Caenorhabditis elegans, p.443, 1992.

A. Haglund, E. Törnblom, B. Boström, and L. Tranvik, Large Differences in the Fraction of Active Bacteria in Plankton, Sediments, and Biofilm, Microbial Ecology, vol.43, issue.2, pp.232-241, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00248-002-2005-0

M. Hahn and M. Höfle, Flagellate predation on a bacterial model community: interplay 448 of size-selective grazing specific bacterial cell size, and bacterial community 449 composition, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.65, pp.4863-4872, 1999.

M. Hahn and M. Höfle, Grazing of protozoa and its effect on populations of aquatic bacteria, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.35, issue.2, pp.113-121, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00794.x

I. Hamels, M. Koenraad, G. Casteleyn, and W. Vyverman, Uncoupling of bacterial production 453 and flagellate grazing in aquatic sediments: a case study from intertidal flat, 2001.

A. Haubois, J. Guarini, P. Richard, D. Fichet, G. Radenac et al., Ingestion rate of the deposit-feeder Hydrobia ulvae (Gastropoda) on epipelic diatoms: effect of cell size and algal biomass, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.317, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jembe.2004.11.009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00130083

C. Heip, M. Vincx, and G. Vranken, The ecology of marine nematodes, 1985.

P. Herman and G. Vranken, Studies of the life-history and energetics of marine and brackish-water nematodes, Oecologia, vol.65, issue.4, pp.457-463, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00377260

B. Hondeveld, G. Nieuwland, F. Van-duyl, and R. Bak, Temporal and spacial 464 variations in heterotrophic nanoflagellate abundance in North Sea Sediments, 1994.

B. Hondeveld, R. Bak, and F. Van-duyl, Bacterivory by heterotrophic nanoflagellates 467 in marine sediments measured by uptake of fluorescently labeled bacteria, Mar Ecol, vol.468, issue.89, pp.63-71, 1992.

U. Jacob, K. Mintenberg, T. Brey, R. Knust, and K. Beyer, Stable isotope food web studies: a case for standardized sample treatment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.287, pp.251-253, 2005.
DOI : 10.3354/meps287251

K. Jensen and H. Siegismund, The importance of diatoms and bacteria in the diet of 472 Hydrobia species, Ophelia, vol.1, pp.193-199, 1980.

N. Kawasaki and R. Benner, Bacterial release of dissolved organic matter during cell growth and decline: Molecular origin and composition, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.51, issue.5, pp.2170-475, 2006.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2170

P. Kemp, Bacterivory by benthic ciliates: significance as a carbon source and impact on sediment bacteria, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.49, pp.163-169, 1988.
DOI : 10.3354/meps049163

P. Kemp, The fate of benthic bacterial production, Rev Aquat Sci, vol.2, pp.109-124, 1990.

L. Kofoed, The feeding biology of Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu). I. The assimilation of different components of the food, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.19, issue.3, pp.233-241, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(75)90060-X

A. Langezaal, N. Jannink, E. Pierson, and G. Van-der-zwaan, Foraminiferal selectivity 482 towards bacteria: an experimental approach using cell-permeant stain, J Sea Res, vol.54, pp.483-256, 2005.

J. Lee, M. Enery, M. Pierce, S. Freudenthal, H. Muller et al., Tracer experiments in 485 feeding littoral foraminifera, J Protozool, vol.16, pp.659-670, 1966.

G. Lopez and J. Levinton, The availability of microorganisms attached to sediment 487 particles as food for Hydrobia ventrosa (Montague) Gastropoda, Prosobranchia, Oecologia, vol.32, pp.488-263, 1978.

A. Mariotti, Apports de la géochimie isotopique à la connaissance du cycle de l'azote, 1982.

T. Moens, Feeding ecology of free-living estuarine nematodes. An experimental 492 approach, 1999.

T. Moens, L. Verbeeck, A. De-maeyer, J. Swings, and M. Vincx, Selective attraction of marine bacterivorous nematodes to their bacterial food, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.176, pp.165-495, 1999.
DOI : 10.3354/meps176165

T. Moens, L. Verbeeck, and M. Vincx, Preservation and incubation time-induced bias in tracer-aided grazing studies on meiofauna, Marine Biology, vol.133, issue.1, pp.69-77, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002270050444

T. Moens and M. Vincx, Temperature, salinity and food thresholds in two brackish-water bacterivorous nematode species: assessing niches from food absorption and respiration experiments, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.243, issue.1, pp.137-154, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0981(99)00114-8

P. Montagna, Competition for dissolved glucose between meiobenthos and sediment microbes, Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol.76, issue.2, pp.177-190, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-0981(84)90065-0

P. Montagna, In situ measurement of meiobenthic grazing rates on sediment bacteria and edaphic diatoms, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.18, pp.119-130, 1984.
DOI : 10.3354/meps018119

P. Montagna, Rates of metazoan meiofaunal microbivory: a review, Vie Milieu, vol.45, pp.1-506, 1995.

P. Montagna and J. Bauer, Partitioning radiolabeled thymidine uptake by bacteria and 508 meiofauna using metabolic blocks and poisons in benthic feeding studies, Mar Biol, vol.509, pp.98-101, 1988.

P. Montagna, J. Bauer, D. Hardin, and R. Spies, Meiofaunal and microbial trophic 511 interactions in a natural submarine hydrocarbon seep, Vie Milieu, vol.45, pp.17-26, 1995.

R. Newell, The role of detritus in the nutrition of two marine deposit-feeders, the 516 prosobranch Hydrobia ulvae and the bivalve Macoma balthica, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond, vol.517, issue.138, pp.49-75, 1965.

J. Novitsky, Protozoan abundance, growth, and bacterivory in the water column, on 519 sedimenting particles, and in the sediment of Halifax Harbor, Can J Microbiol, vol.36, pp.520-859, 1990.

H. Ogawa, Y. Amagai, I. Koike, K. Kaiser, and R. Benner, Production of Refractory Dissolved Organic Matter by Bacteria, Science, vol.292, issue.5518, pp.917-920, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1057627

. Pérez-uz, Bacterial preferences and growth kinetic variation in Uronema marinum and 524 Uronema nigricans (Ciliophora : Scuticociliatida), Microb Ecol, vol.31, pp.189-198, 1996.

K. Porter and Y. Feig, The use of DAPI for identifying and counting aquatic microflora, Limnol Oceanogr, vol.526, issue.25, pp.943-948, 1980.

L. Proctor and A. Souza, Method for enumeration of 5-cyano-2,3-ditoyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC)-active cells and cell-specific CTC activity of benthic bacteria in riverine, estuarine and coastal sediments, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.43, issue.3, pp.213-222, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00218-9

F. Riemann and E. Helmke, Symbiotic Relations of Sediment-Agglutinating Nematodes and Bacteria in Detrital Habitats: The Enzyme-Sharing Concept, Marine Ecology, vol.119, issue.2, pp.93-113, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/359139a0

M. Rieper, Bacteria as food for marine harpacticoid copepods, Marine Biology, vol.23, issue.4, pp.337-345, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00391820

J. Schmidt, J. Deming, P. Jumars, and R. Keil, Constancy of bacterial abundance in surficial marine sediments, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.43, issue.5, pp.976-982, 1998.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.1998.43.5.0976

E. Sherr and B. Sherr, Bacterivory and herbivory: Key roles of phagotrophic protists in pelagic food webs, Microbial Ecology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.223-235, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00166812

M. Starink, I. Krylova, M. Bär-gilissen, R. Bak, and T. Cappenberg, Rates of benthic 538 protozoan grazing on free and attached sediment bacteria measured with fluorescently 539 stained sediment, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.60, pp.2259-2264, 1994.

K. Sundback, P. Nilsson, C. Nilsson, and B. Jonsson, Balance Between Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Components and Processes in Microbenthic Communities of Sandy Sediments: A Field Study, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, vol.43, issue.6, pp.689-706, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/ecss.1996.0097

J. Theil-nielsen, M. Søndergaard, B. De-winder, A. Kop, and U. Wollenzien, Bacterial carbon biomass calculated from 544 biovolumes Tidal coupling between 546 carbohydrate concentrations and bacterial activities in diatom-inhabited intertidal 547 mudflats, Archiv für Hydrobiologie Mar Ecol Prog Ser, vol.141, issue.191, pp.195-207, 1998.

F. Van-duyl and A. Kop, Seasonal patterns of bacterial production and biomass in intertidal sediments of the western Dutch Wadden Sea, Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol.59, pp.249-550, 1990.
DOI : 10.3354/meps059249

D. Van-oevelen, J. Middelburg, K. Soetaert, and L. Moodley, The fate of bacterial carbon in an intertidal sediment: Modeling an in situ isotope tracer experiment, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.51, issue.3, pp.1302-553, 2006.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2006.51.3.1302

D. Van-oevelen, L. Moodley, K. Soetaert, and J. Middelburg, The trophic significance of bacterial carbon in a marine intertidal sediment: Results of an in situ stable isotope labeling study, Limnology and Oceanography, vol.51, issue.5, pp.2349-2359, 2006.
DOI : 10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2349

R. Venette and H. Ferris, Influence of bacterial type and density on population growth of bacterial-feeding nematodes, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.30, issue.7, pp.949-960, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00176-4

A. Vézina and C. Savenkoff, Inverse modeling of carbon and nitrogen flows in the pelagic food web of the northeast subarctic Pacific, Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, vol.46, issue.11-12, pp.2909-2939, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00088-0