Inertial nonlinear equilibration of equatorial flows.
Résumé
We explore the nature of inertial equilibration of equatorial flows in the presence of mean meridional and vertical shears of the basic state, with oceanic applications in mind. The study is motivated by the observational evidence that the subthermocline equatorial mean circulation displays nearly zero Ertel potential vorticity away from the equator, when taking into account the non-traditional horizontal component of the Earth rotation. This observed state precisely verifies the marginal condition for inertial instability: a linear analysis for the equatorial [beta]-plane confirms that the usual condition of instability, namely that Ertel potential vorticity should be of opposite sign to the vertical Coriolis parameter, remains valid even when the traditional approximation is relaxed. Analytical linear normal modes reveal that a meridional shear of the basic state leads to a vertical stacking of equatorially-trapped zonal flows of alternate signs, with a new centre of symmetry located at the dynamical equator. A vertical shear of the basic state causes a meridional stacking of extra-equatorial zonal flows. In an inviscid framework, a two-dimensional formulation is ill-posed and we resort to non-hydrostatic viscous simulations to determine the nonlinear normal forms of the system. The influence of a small-scale eddy diffusivity and a large-scale Rayleigh damping on the equilibrated vertical scale is determined numerically. The nonlinear equilibration occurs through a steady-state bifurcation from a basic state without jets to another steady state with secondary jets of alternate signs. The final state corresponds to eastward jets located on the geographic equator, while westward jets are located near the dynamical equator. These results are consistent with in situ observations of equatorial deep jets. The analogy between the equatorial meridional shear flow and the cylindrical Couette–Taylor flow with an axial density stratification is detailed. There is a strong similarity in the general symmetries and nonlinear normal forms of the two problems. Similarly to the homogeneous Couette–Taylor flow, the gap width between the two cylinders is important for determining the axial scale of the secondary flow through the Reynolds number. For the equatorial problem, an upper bound for the height scale of inertial jets is such that the corresponding equatorial radius of deformation times [surd radical]2 fits between the geographic and dynamic equators. One of our main conclusions is that the raisond'être of the observed region of zero Ertel potential vorticity is to facilitate angular momentum exchanges between the two hemispheres and inertial deep jets are the byproducts of this angular momentum mixing.