J. R. Anderson, A. T. Corbett, K. Koedinger, and R. Pelletier, Cognitive Tutors: Lessons Learned, Tlrc ]orirnni $Learning Scie~ices, pp.167-207, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00699789

B. J. Barron, D. Schwartz, N. J. Vye, A. Moore, A. Petrosino et al., Doing with understanding: Lessons from research on probleni and project-based learning. lo~irnnl of Lenrning Sciences Hoik pr,lpie learn: Brain, mind, behnuior nnd C X ~ C ~ ~ L ' I I C E, 1998.

A. L. Brown and J. C. Campione, Conlmunities of learning and thinking: Or a context by any other name, Coritribiitioi~; to Hlinroii Dezielopnient, pp.108-125, 1990.

V. G. Cerf, Nntiorioi colloborntories. Appl!/iris inf'orination teciiriologies fir scrrrif!fic rcscnrcli, 1993.

C. Chubin and S. Malcom, Policies to promote women in science The equit!/ eqrtation: Fosteri~ig the advaiict,merit of women iri the S C I C ~ C ~ S , rnnt/ieniot~s, illid engineering (pp. 1-28) Technology and the design of generative learning environments, Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt. Educotioiinl Tcclinolo~y, vol.8, issue.85, pp.31-34, 1990.

T. Cognition, . Group, and . Vanderbilt, The Jasper experiment: An exploration of issues in learning and instructional design, Edncntionnl Technology Reseurch nnd Deuelopiient, vol.40, issue.1, pp.65-80, 1992.

C. Dede, M. Salzman, and B. Loftin, The development of a virtual world for learning newtonian mechanics, P. Brusilovsky, I ' Kommers, and lu, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-61282-3_10

E. Streitz, Miiitiniedin, iyperrnciiin, nriii ziirtunl r c ~ l - ity

K. Forbus and P. B. Whalley, Using qualitative physics to build articulate software for thermodynamics education, Proceedrngs qf tire 72th Nntronol CorrJEreiice on Artficini lnteliigeiice, 1994.

L. Goniez, B. Fishman, and R. Pea, The CoVis project: Building a large scale science education testbed, Internctir~e Lcnrriing Enz'irori~rierrts, 1998.

C. Goodwin and J. Heritage, Conversation analysis . Annlinl Rez~ie?ir ofAnthrop~dog!l, pp.283-307, 1990.

D. Gordin and R. D. Pea, Prospects for Scientific Visualization as an Educational Technology, orirnnl of the Lrnrning Sc~ences, pp.249-279, 1995.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327809jls0403_1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190593

J. Greeno, A. Collins, and L. B. Resnick, Cognition and learning, Hnndbook ofedircntiorinl psycliolog~~, 1996.

J. Hagel and A. G. Armstrong, Net.gnirr- Expnnding markets through uirtiial c o n ~ r n ~ o ~ ~ t i e ~, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020059

L. M. Harasim, On-line educntion: Perspectives on n new environment, 1990.

L. Harasini, S. R. Hiltz, L. Teles, and M. Turoff, Lenrning networks, 1995.

S. Harrison and P. Dourish, Re-place-ing space, Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work , CSCW '96, pp.67-76, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/240080.240193

J. Hawkins, The Notionnl Design E.rperiri1ent~ Consortium: Finn1 report, 1997.

J. Herman and S. Golan, Eflects $stnndnrdized testing on teachers nnd Ienrning: Another look (Tech, 1991.

D. Hestenes, A modeling theory of physics instruction. Americnn lournnl q. P / I ! ~ ; c s, pp.1056-1065, 1987.

S. R. Hiltz, Evaluating the virtual classroom, On-line ed~icotlorr. Perspective on n new environment, pp.133-1831, 1990.

M. Honey, D. Bennett, N. Hupert, B. Kanze, T. Meade et al., The Mathematics Learning Forums online: Using telecommunications as a tool for reflective practice, Machine-Medinted Lenrning, pp.4-6, 1994.

P. Horwitz and W. Barowy, Designing and using open-ended software to promote conceptual change, Journal of Science Education and Technology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.161-185, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01575178

B. Hunter, NSF's networked testbeds inform innovation in science education, T.H.E. lournnl, vol.21, pp.96-99, 1993.

S. L. Jackson, S. J. Stratford, J. Krajcik, and E. Soloway, A learner-centered tool for students building models, Comrn~irricntiom c f tlte A C M, pp.48-49, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/227210.227224

R. Kozma, J. S. Schank-krajcik, P. C. Blumenfeld, R. W. Marx, and E. Soloway, Connecting with the twenty-first century: Technology in support of educational reform Associntion for S~ipervisiorl nrrd Curriciillinr Deuelopment 1998 Yt-nrbook: Learning nnil tec11noIogy A collaborative model for helping teachers learn project-based instruction, Eierrrr~itary School, vol.71, issue.94, pp.483-497, 1994.

M. C. Linn and T. L. , Designing computer learning environments for engineering and coniputel-science: The scaffolded knowledge integration environment, 1997.

M. C. Linn, P. Bell, and S. Hsi, Lifelong Science Learning on the Internet: The Knowledge Inte- gration Environment

M. C. Linn, A. Disessa, R. D. Pea, and N. B. Songer, Can research on science learning and instruction inform standards for science education?, Journal of Science Education and Technology, vol.24, issue.1, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01575812

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190577

B. Means, J. Blando, K. Olson, T. Middleton, C. C. Morocco et al., Using technology to support ed~icntionnl r q o r ~ n Curric~il~im nnd ezwliintion stnr~ilnrdsfor school mothenratics The nntiorml scier~ce educntion stnndnrds The dynamic partnerships: Seeding nnd ~~istniriing educntion reform conference, Government Printing Office. National Council of Teachersof Mathematics (NCTM). NCTM National Research Council National Science Foundation (NSF, 1989.

D. A. Norman and J. C. Spohrer, Learner-centered education, Conlrnunicntions oJ the A C M, pp.24-27, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/227210.227215

R. D. Pea, Augmenting the Discourse of Learning with Computer-Based Learning Environments, Cornp~iterbased lenrning envirorrn~ents nnd problcr~r-solving (NATO Series, subseries F: Computer and Svstem Sciences), pp.313-343, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-77228-3_15

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190570

R. D. Pea, Seeing what we build together: Distributed multimedia learning environnients for transformative coniniunications, lournnl qitlir Lrnr~iing Sciences, vol.3, issue.3, pp.283-298, 1994.

R. D. Pea, Distributed intelligence and the growth of v i r t ~ ~ a l learning conini~mities over the global Internet, 1998.

R. D. Pea, (in press) New con~munication forums for improving educational research and practice. Chapter for three-volume work by the National Academy of Education

R. D. Pea, L. M. Gomez, D. C. Edelson, B. J. Fishman, D. N. Gordin et al., Science Education as Driver of Cyberspace Technology Development, 1nter.net links for srierrcc edlrctition, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-5909-2_12

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190603

R. D. Pea, J. Roschelle, C. Digiano, P. Schank, and M. Schlager, A flyiiig circus 011 the co/lnborntiz~~ tailoring qfeducationnl objects, Videotape of invited plenary session of the Second International conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL '97, 1997.

M. Reiner, R. D. Pea, and D. Shulman, The impact of simulator-based instruction on the diagramming of the interaction of light and matter by introductory physics students, lorirnal qfSciericr Edw cation nnd Technology, pp.199-226, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190579

D. P. Resnick and L. B. Resnick, Standards, Curriculum, and Performance: A Historical and Comparative Perspective, Educational Researcher, vol.14, issue.4, pp.5-20, 1985.
DOI : 10.3102/0013189X014004005

P. Resnick, N. Iacovou, M. Sushak, P. Bergstrom, and . Riedl, GroupLens, Proceedings of the 1994 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work , CSCW '94, 1994.
DOI : 10.1145/192844.192905

M. Riel and I. Levin, Building electronic communities: success and failure in computer networking, Instructional Science, vol.8, issue.4, pp.145-169, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00120700

R. W. Riley, M. M. Kunin, M. S. Smith, and L. G. Roberts, Getting Ainerica's students rendy for the 21st century: Meeting the technology literncy chnllenge-A report to the nation on technology and edlication, S. Department of Education, 1996.

L. Roberts, Thefuture qfnetzuorking technologiesfor learning (http://www, 1995.

J. Roschelle, Learning by Collaborating: Convergent Conceptual Change, lournol oJ the Lenrning Sciences, pp.235-276, 1992.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001435

J. Roschelle and . Kaput, Educ,lt~oiial soft\rare a,-chitecture and systemic Impact: The promise of component softxval-e /oiirrriil of t',iiicntiorrol Corrr}l~rting R E I C I I ~ C I I, J, vol.11, issue.3, pp.217-228, 1996.

M. Rosenian, S. Greenberg, S. !. C~-)-~npiittiig, and ~. , TeaniRoonis Group\,.are for shared electronic spaces Hiir17n11 Fiictor, pp.275-276, 1996.

R. Ruopp, S. Gal, B. Drayton, and M. Pfister, LnhNet: Toionrds n cornr~rririity cf }iriicticc, 1993.

J. Russell and R. Kozma, 4m:cheni-multimedia and mental models in chemistry, pp.669-670, 1994.

M. Scardanialia and C. Bereiter, Conlputer support for knowledge-building communities, Thc lourmil oftlie Leiirniiig Scieims, vol.3, issue.3, pp.265-283, 1994.

M. Schlager and P. K. Schank, TAPPED IN, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Computer support for collaborative learning, CSCL '97, pp.230-241, 1997.
DOI : 10.3115/1599773.1599802

. Oisioi~, A n iriuestigntiorr of U S. scicrrcc n11ii rrrntl~e~mitrcs ed~tintron Boston: Kluwer

U. Shardanand and P. Maes, Social information filtering, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, CHI '95, pp.210-217, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/223904.223931

L. S. Shulman, Knowledge and Teaching: Foundations of the New Reform, Harvard Educational Review, vol.57, issue.1, pp.1-22, 1987.
DOI : 10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411

J. P. Smith, A. A. Disessa, and J. Roschelle, Misconceptions Reconceived: A Constructivist Analysis of Knowledge in Transition, orirnnl of the Lcnrnirig Scierices, pp.115-163, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037//0096-3445.116.3.250

U. S. Congress, Tenchers nnd technolog!/: Moking the co~rnection, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995.

B. Y. White, ThinkerTools: Causal Models, Conceptual Change, and Science Education, Cognition and Instruction, vol.11, issue.1, pp.1-100, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037//0003-066X.41.10.1123

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.453.6251