Geometrically Invariant Watermarking Using Feature Points
Résumé
This paper presents a new approach for watermark- ing of digital images providing robustness to geometrical distor- tions. The weaknesses of classical watermarking methods to ge- ometrical distortions are firstly outlined. Geometrical distortions can be decomposed into two classes: global transformations such as rotations and translations and local transformations such as the StirMark attack. An overview of existing self-synchronising schemes is then presented. Theses schemes can use periodical properties of the mark, invariant properties of transforms, tem- plate insertion, or information provided by the original image to counter geometrical distortions. Thereafter a new class of watermarking schemes using the im- age content is presented. We propose an embedding and detec- tion scheme where the mark is bound with a content descriptor defined by salient points. Three different types of feature points are studied and their robustness to geometrical transformations is evaluated to develop an enhanced detector. The embedding of the signature is done by extracting feature points of the image and performing a Delaunay tessellation on the set of points. The mark is embedded using a classical additive scheme inside each triangle of the tessellation. The detection is done using correlation proper- ties on the different triangles. The performance of the presented scheme is evaluated after JPEG compression, geometrical attack and transformations. Results show that the fact that the scheme is robust to theses different manipulations. Finally, in our conclud- ing remarks, we analyse the different perspectives of such content- based watermarking scheme.
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