| In this paper, we present Simon's approach to design, as we have described it in The Cognitive Artifacts of Designing (2006): Simon considers the sciences of design as sciences in their own right. He sees them as distinct from natural science, which is traditionally considered as "the" "sci-ence". "Artificial" indeed refers to human-made as opposed to natural. For Simon, our modern world is much more an artificial, that is, a human-made, than a natural world. Together with various col-leagues, Newell and Simon also used the approach to explore broader domains than the one analyzed in their famous Human Problem Solving (1972). They used it for their research into concept forma-tion, verbal learning, and perception, but also ad-ministrative and organizational behavior, creativ-ity and scientific discovery, and even music and emotion. It was Simon who applied to design the paradigm developed with Newell. In his analyses, he identified and elaborated various characteris-tics of this specific problem solving activity that have formed the basis of the approach adopted toward design by many researchers in cognitive psychology and ergonomics conducting research on design since the early 1980s. |
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