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Advances in Mathematics 181,No.2 (2004) 353-367
Ideals of Quasi-Symmetric Functions and Super-Covariant Polynomials for S_n
J. -C. Aval 1, F. Bergeron, N. Bergeron
(2002)

The aim of this work is to study the quotient ring R_n of the ring Q[x_1,...,x_n] over the ideal J_n generated by non-constant homogeneous quasi-symmetric functions. We prove here that the dimension of R_n is given by C_n, the n-th Catalan number. This is also the dimension of the space SH_n of super-covariant polynomials, that is defined as the orthogonal complement of J_n with respect to a given scalar product. We construct a basis for R_n whose elements are naturally indexed by Dyck paths. This allows us to understand the Hilbert series of SH_n in terms of number of Dyck paths with a given number of factors.
1:  Théorie des Nombres et Algorithmique Arithmétique (A2X)
CNRS : UMR5465 – Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I
Mathematics/Combinatorics
Fulltext link: 
http://fr.arXiv.org/abs/math.CO/0202071