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We assess a variant of linear-response range-separated time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT), combining a long-range Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange kernel with a short-range adiabatic exchange-correlation kernel in the local-density approximation (LDA) for calculating isotropic C6 dispersion coefficients of homodimers of a number of closed-shell atoms and small molecules. This range-separated TDDFT tends to give underestimated C6 coefficients of small molecules with a mean absolute percentage error of about 5%, a slight improvement over standard TDDFT in the adiabatic LDA which tends to overestimate them with a mean absolute percentage error of 8%, but close to time-dependent Hartree-Fock which has a mean absolute percentage error of about 6%. These results thus show that introduction of long-range HF exchange in TDDFT has a small but beneficial impact on the values of C6 coefficients. It also confirms that the present variant of range-separated TDDFT is a reasonably accurate method even using only a LDA-type density functional and without adding an explicit treatment of long-range correlation.
A predictive model of the Falcon enhanced gravity separator has been derived from a physical analysis of its separation principle, and validated against experimental data. After summarizing the previous works that led to this model and the hypotheses on which they rely, the model is extended to cover a wide range of operating conditions and particle properties. The most significant development presented here is the extension of the analytical law to concentrated suspensions, which makes it applicable to actual plant operating conditions. Two examples of industrial use cases are described and studied by interrogation of the model: dredged sediment waste reduction and coal recovery from fine tailings. Comparisons with empirical studies available in the literature show a good agreement between model predictions and industrial data. The model is then used to identify separation efficiency limitations as well as possible solutions to overcome them. These two examples serve to show how this predictive model can be used to obtain valuable information to improve physical separation processes using a Falcon concentrator, or to evaluate Falcon separator's abilities for new applications.
L'abaissement de la température de fonctionnement des SOFC vers 600-750°C est un impératif incontournable pour en augmenter la durée de vie et permettre l'utilisation d'interconnecteurs moins onéreux. Cependant, ceci s'accompagne d'une incrémentation de la chute ohmique de l'électrolyte et des surtensions aux électrodes et, par conséquent, la diminution des performances électrochimiques de la pile. Différentes solutions sont à explorer : substituer l'électrolyte, diminuer la résistance de l'électrolyte usuel en réduisant son épaisseur (<5 µm) et, de toute façon, en améliorant les réactions aux interfaces par adjonction de couches minces fonctionnelles. D'une part, cette étude analyse différentes approches d'élaboration de couches minces de CeO2 et de cérine dopée, dont le rôle est avéré, notamment au niveau de l'oxydation à l'anode : le dépôt par couches atomiques, ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition), et le dépôt chimique en solution CBD (Chemical Bath Deposition) ont été explorés. D'autre part, l'exploitation d'un nouveau matériau composite (cérine dopée au gadolinium et Li2CO3-K2CO3 à l'état fondu) est analysée en tant que matériau d'électrolyte pour les SOFC. Finalement, les propriétés électrochimiques de ces électrolytes, combinés à des couches minces de cérine et de cérine dopée préparées par ALD, sont étudiées en particulier en conditions anodiques. Le but global est d'explorer le rôle des couches minces et de nouveaux électrolytes prometteurs, essentiellement dans les conditions anodiques des SOFC.
We present a mathematical study of the order book as a multidimensional continuous- time Markov chain where the order ow is modeled by independent Poisson processes. Our aim is to bridge the gap between the microscopic description of price formation (agent- based modeling), and the Stochastic Di erential Equations approach used classically to describe price evolution at macroscopic time scales. To do this, we rely on the theory of in nitesimal generators and Foster-Lyapunov stability criteria for Markov chains. We motivate our approach using an elementary example where the spread is kept constant (\perfect market making"). Then we compute the in nitesimal generator associated with the order book in a general setting, and link the price dynamics to the instantaneous state of the order book. In the last section, we prove that the order book is ergodic| in particular it has a stationary distribution|that it converges to its stationary state exponentially fast, and that the large-scale limit of the price process is a Brownian motion.
In this paper, we consider a discrete time economy where we assume that the short term interest rate follows a quadratic term structure of a regime switching asset process. The possible non-linear structure and the fact that the interest rate can have different economic or financial trends justify the interest of Regime Switching Quadratic Term Structure Model (RS-QTSM). Indeed, this regime switching process depends on the values of a Markov chain with a time dependent transition probability matrix which can well captures the different states (regimes) of the economy. We prove that under this modelling that the conditional zero coupon bond price admits also a quadratic term structure. Moreover, the stochastic coefficients which appear in this decomposition satisfy an explicit system of coupled stochastic backward recursions.
In this note, we cast a Hawkes process-based order book model into a markovian setting, and using techniques from the theory of Markov chains and stochastic stability [16], show that the order book is stable and leads to a di usive price limit at large time scales.
In this paper, we propose and analyze a simple localized algorithm to balance a tree. The motivation comes from live distributed streaming systems in which a source diffuses a content to peers via a tree, a node forwarding the data to its children. Such systems are subject to a high churn, peers frequently joining and leaving the system. It is thus crucial to be able to repair the diffusion tree to allow an efficient data distribution. In particular, due to bandwidth limitations, an efficient diffusion tree must ensure that node degrees are bounded. Moreover, to minimize the delay of the streaming, the depth of the diffusion tree must also be controlled. We propose here a simple distributed repair algorithm in which each node carries out local operations based on its degree and on the subtree sizes of its children. In a synchronous setting, we first prove that starting from any n-node tree our process converges to a balanced tree in O(n2) turns. We then describe a more restrictive model, adding a small extra information to each node, for which the convergence is reached in O(n log n) turns and this bound is tight. We then exhibit by simulation that the convergence is much faster (logarithmic number of turns in average) for a random tree.
This work aimed to validate the Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM) through different correlation length parameterizations using radar imagery for field-scale studies in a semi-arid environment. The study compared backscattering coefficients simulated from the AIEM and retrieved from SAR imagery of a study site in Sardinia. Two treatments for correlation length were adopted: in situ measurements and empirically based correlation length estimation. The results showed an overestimation of backscattering coefficients of 2.5 dB with an RMSE of 3.1 dB for HH and VV polarizations and an underestimation of 27.7 dB and an RMSE of 31.0 dB for HV polarization from the AIEM parameterized by in situ measurements. When using the AIEM with empirical correlation length, a bias of less than 1.0 dB was found with an RMSE of 1.7 dB for HH and VV polarizations and an overestimation of 1.1 dB and an RMSE of 5.1 dB for HV polarization. Better results were obtained with surface soil moisture (SSM) measured at 10 cm than at 5 cm. Promising soil moisture data retrieval from SAR imagery is expected from using the empirical correlation length-parameterized AIEM for field-scale purposes in semi-arid environments.
Seeing, touching, sketching, exploring--throughout history these fundamental physical activities have defined our world, regularly supporting creativity and scientific discovery. In recent years, powerful scientific visualization tools have emerged but the potential to closely couple these techniques with natural, physical, spatial human-computer interfaces remains largely untapped. To address these issues we outline a forward-looking research agenda consisting of five major challenges for natural interfaces for visualization. The technological building blocks are now in place to address these challenges to enable an exciting future where natural interfaces powerfully strengthen and expand use of visualizations in science, engineering, art, and humanities.
In this article, we extend the domain of validity of the higher order Schrodinger equations to the use of a Coulomb potential. Then we develop the higher order Hartree-Fock equations with bounded and Coulomb potentials.
We consider random walks associated with conductances on Delaunay triangulations, Gabriel graphs and skeletons of Voronoi tilings which are generated by point processes in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Under suitable assumptions on point processes and conductances, we show that, for almost any realization of the point process, these random walks are recurrent if $d=2$ and transient if $d\geq 3$. These results hold for a large variety of point processes including Poisson point processes, Matérn cluster and Matérn hardcore processes which have clustering or repulsive properties. In order to prove them, we state general criteria for recurrence or almost sure transience which apply to random graphs embedded in $\mathbb{R}^d$.
This paper is an overview of a method recently pub- lished in a biomedical journal (IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering1). The method is based on an optimisation technique called "evolutionary strategy" and it has been designed to estimate the parameters of a complex 15-D respiration model. This model is adaptable to account for patient's specificities. The aim of the optimisation algorithm is to finely tune the model so that it accurately fits real patient datasets. The final results can then be embedded, for example, in high fidelity simulations of the human physiology. Our algorithm is fully automatic and adaptive. A compound fitness function has been designed to take into account for various quantities that have to be minimised (here topological errors of the liver and the diaphragm geometries). The performance our implementation is compared with two traditional methods (downhill simplex and conjugate gradient descent), a random search and a basic real- valued genetic algorithm. It shows that our evolutionary scheme provides results that are significantly more stable and accurate than the other tested methods. The approach is relatively generic and can be easily adapted to other complex parametrisation problems when ground truth data is available.
We assess a variant of linear-response range-separated time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT), combining a long-range Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange kernel with a short-range adiabatic exchange-correlation kernel in the local-density approximation (LDA) for calculating isotropic C6 dispersion coefficients of homodimers of a number of closed-shell atoms and small molecules. This range-separated TDDFT tends to give underestimated C6 coefficients of small molecules with a mean absolute percentage error of about 5%, a slight improvement over standard TDDFT in the adiabatic LDA which tends to overestimate them with a mean absolute percentage error of 8%, but close to time-dependent Hartree-Fock which has a mean absolute percentage error of about 6%. These results thus show that introduction of long-range HF exchange in TDDFT has a small but beneficial impact on the values of C6 coefficients. It also confirms that the present variant of range-separated TDDFT is a reasonably accurate method even using only a LDA-type density functional and without adding an explicit treatment of long-range correlation.
In this article, we extend the domain of validity of the higher order Schrodinger equations to the use of a Coulomb potential. Then we develop the higher order Hartree-Fock equations with bounded and Coulomb potentials.
A predictive model of the Falcon enhanced gravity separator has been derived from a physical analysis of its separation principle, and validated against experimental data. After summarizing the previous works that led to this model and the hypotheses on which they rely, the model is extended to cover a wide range of operating conditions and particle properties. The most significant development presented here is the extension of the analytical law to concentrated suspensions, which makes it applicable to actual plant operating conditions. Two examples of industrial use cases are described and studied by interrogation of the model: dredged sediment waste reduction and coal recovery from fine tailings. Comparisons with empirical studies available in the literature show a good agreement between model predictions and industrial data. The model is then used to identify separation efficiency limitations as well as possible solutions to overcome them. These two examples serve to show how this predictive model can be used to obtain valuable information to improve physical separation processes using a Falcon concentrator, or to evaluate Falcon separator's abilities for new applications.
Fully dynamic numerical simulations have been designed in order to asses how the orientation of mechanical layering in rocks controls the orientation of shear bands and the depth of penetration of strain in the footwall of detachment zones. Two parametric studies are presented. In the first one, the influence of stratification orientation on the occurrence and mode of strain localisation is tested. The second parametric study shows that results are length-scale independent and that orientation of shear bands is not sensitive to the viscosity contrast or the strain rate. Based on the results, a conceptual model for strain localisation under detachment faults is presented. In the early stages, strain localisation occurs at slow rates by viscous shear instabilities but as the layered media is exhumed, the temperature drops and the strong layers start yielding plastically, forming shear bands and localising strain at the top of the shear zone. Once strain localisation has occured, the deformation in the shear band becomes extremely penetrative but the strength cannot drop since the shear zone has a finite thickness.
Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais, quanto ao seu teor e qualidade dos fenóis da lignina, em dois sistemas lacustres distintos: a Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái (PA) e o Lago do Caçó (MA). A Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái é localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, aproximadamente 850 km da foz e é caracterizada pela presença de lagos de águas brancas e pretas. O Lago do Caçó está localizado no Maranhão, na borda do ecossistema amazônico. Foram realizadas análises da concentração de lignina (λ), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio e isótopos do carbono (δ13C). Os resultados indicam que os sedimentos superficias de lagos de águas brancas apresentam baixos valores de COT (1,5 a 3,6%), baixa concentração de λ (0,73 a 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) e alto índice de degradação (0,29 a 2,01). Os sedimentos superficiais de lagos de águas pretas apresentam maiores valores de COT (6,0 a 12,1%) e de λ (1,44 a 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) em relação aos sedimentos de lagos de águas brancas, porém baixos em comparação com os sedimentos do Lago do Caçó (7,2 ~ 15,3% e 1,83 ~ 4,64 mg .100mg CO-1, respectivamente). Através das análises realizadas foi possível identificar diferentes contribuições de fontes assim como diferentes estados de preservação da matéria orgânica sedimentada nos dois sistemas apresentados.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição da matéria orgânica (MO) através de análises elementares, isotópicas e moleculares em dois testemunhos coletados na Lagoa do Caçó que registram os últimos 20.000 cal yrs BP e testar o potencial de ferramentas da geoquímica molecular no estudo paleoambiental. A Lagoa do Caçó é localizada no Maranhão numa área influenciada pelo deslocamento sazonal da zona de convergência intertropical (ZCIT). Os resultados e interpretações obtidos a partir da geoquímica orgânica durante o tardi-glacial evidenciaram a importância da abordagem multiparamétrica e corroboram os trabalhos prévios validando o uso dos fenóis da lignina e dos pigmentos sedimentares como ferramentas na interpretação paleoambiental em zona tropical. Foi possível identifcar três diferentes Fases holocênicas jamais mostradas em trabalhos precedentes destacando o potencial destes biomarcadores.
An improved Lozi function with alternate coefficients has been proposed. The modifications in the model allow to remove the holes in the attractor which are not desirable, but appeared in the previous Lozi function; in this way, an everywhere dense attractor can be obtained. Moreover, the strong sensitivity to the type of binarisation (conversion of real values to 0 and 1) has been demonstrated; this conversion to binary numbers is instrumental to apply the NIST tests for randomness. The results have been validated and compared via NIST tests, for the different methods of quantization. Finally, is has been verfied that the multi-random properties of the output signal have been improved thanks to the following strategies : under-sampling of the output signal, and the system order increasing. Keywords. Nonlinear dynamical system, ring-coupled map, Lozi function, NIST tests, discrete-time map, dense chaotic attractor, pseudo random number generator 1 I
The extreme characteristics of long wave run-up are studied in this paper. First we give a brief overview of the existing theory which is mainly based on the hodograph transformation (Carrier & Greenspan, 1958). Then, using numerical simulations, we build on the work of Stefanakis et al. (2011) for an infinite sloping beach and we find that resonant run-up amplification of monochromatic waves is robust to spectral perturbations of the incoming wave and resonant regimes do exist for certain values of the frequency. In the setting of a finite beach attached to a constant depth region, resonance can only be observed when the incoming wavelength is larger than the distance from the undisturbed shoreline to the seaward boundary. Wavefront steepness is also found to play a role in wave run-up, with steeper waves reaching higher run-up values.
The water wave theory traditionally assumes the fluid to be perfect, thus neglecting all effects of the viscosity. However, the explanation of several experimental data sets requires the explicit inclusion of dissipative effects. In order to meet these practical problems, the theory of visco-potential flows has been developed (see P.-F. Liu & A. Orfila (2004) and D. Dutykh & F. Dias (2007)). Then, usually this formulation is further simplified by developing the potential in an entire series in the vertical coordinate and by introducing thus, the long wave approximation. In the present study we propose a derivation of dissipative Boussinesq equations which is based on asymptotic expansions of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (D2N) operator. Both employed methods yield the same system by different ways.
Les tâches d'empan de mémoire de travail sont des tâches dans lesquelles des items doivent être maintenus en mémoire à court terme pendant qu'un traitement concurrent est effectué. Le but de la présente étude était de déterminer si, comme le soutient le modèle de partage temporel des ressources (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004), les traitements gênent le maintien parce que les deux composantes entrent en compétition pour des processus communs ou plus simplement parce que les stratégies de maintien des items à rappeler sont perturbées par l'intrusion de l'information à traiter simultanément. Quatre-vingt sujets adultes étaient soumis à une tâche d'empan où ils devaient maintenir des lettres en même temps qu'ils devaient juger soit de la parité soit de la position spatiale de nombre présentés successivement à l'écran. Par ailleurs, ces nombres apparaissaient à un rythme régulier et donc prévisible ou bien aléatoire. Conformément à nos attentes, et contrairement à l'hypothèse d'une perturbation des stratégies de maintien, les jugements de parité qui nécessitent des récupérations en mémoire entraînaient de plus faibles empans que la tâche spatiale qui ne requiert qu'une sélection de réponse alors que le rythme de réalisation de la tâche secondaire n'avait pas d'effet sur les empans.
The functional organization of the PFC from anterior to posterior regions reflects a hierarchy of cognitive control whereby progressively anterior sub-regions are associated with higher-order control. The present study aimed at providing behavioral evidence for two predictions issuing from this cascade model. First, even the lower-most sub-part of the cognitive control hierarchy, i.e. motor programming, should interfere with higher controlled processes such as maintenance in working memory. Second, this effect should be commensurate with the time during which control is required. In a computer-paced complex span task, adults had to maintain letters while they performed a secondary task. The demand imposed by this task was manipulated either at the selection or at the motor programming stage of response preparation. Results revealed that both manipulations have a disruptive effect on verbal memory, and that this effect is commensurate with the extra-time during which response selection and motor programming require cognitive control.
Memorizing is crucial for human beings because it constitutes the fundamental step in acquiring knowledge. Among the different memory systems, the one called "working memory" works continuously to simultaneously memorize and process information. It is particularly important in children who are continually confronted to learning situations. It has long been considered that memorizing required verbalizing and repeating. The present paper offers an alternative conception: working memory relies on attentional mechanisms constrained by time and do not depend on verbal characteristics. The empirical analyses we present here do not only conduct to important theoretical conclusions, they also give a glimpse of practical applications for preventing school failure.
Growth compensations following a disturbance have been found in different species communities through experimentation, but there are few results obtained in natural conditions, in particular for forest ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine whether there was growth compensation in a mixed oak-pine forest following a biotic disturbance: an outbreak of pine sawfly (Diprion pini) that caused massive defoliation of pines in Europe in the early 1980s. The data were collected in mixed oak-pine stands located in the plains of north-central France. We measured the ring widths of 223 oaks and 271 pines in nine mixed stands over a period ranging from 1972 to 2005. We established a model which incorporated climatic effects in order to predict the ring width under undisturbed conditions and to quantify the response of each species to the disturbance. We found that the growth of both species varied synchronously with a positive covariation outside of the disturbance. During the disturbance, the growth of both species covaried negatively especially in the plots where pine had been the most severely affected. For the year following the peak of the defoliations, the reduction in growth for pine was strong and ranged from -27% to -92% depending on the plot. In addition, the more significant the reduction in growth for pine, the more significant the increase in growth for oak. We found that a 100% reduction in pine growth was accompanied by a 61% increase in oak growth for the three years following the most severe defoliation. These results demonstrate that compensation between the two tree species following the insect outbreak did occur. We suggest that growth compensations would especially occur in the case of severe biotic disturbances but probably not in the case of climatic fluctuations.
We examined the relationships between distance-to-edge and environmental factors inferred from mean plant indicator values across large distance-to-edge and patch size gradients. Floristic composition, landscape metrics and site variables (climate, soil and forest management) were collected on 19989 plots in 1801 forest patches in Northern France using the French National Forest Inventory. Statistical models were applied to mean plant indicator values (MIV) from Ellenberg and Ecoplant databases for soil pH, soil nitrogen (N), soil humidity (F), light (L) and air temperature (Ta) using distance-to-edge and forest patch size as predictors. The five mean indicator values significantly varied with distance-to-edge and MIV.pH, N and Ta decreased over distances in excess of 500 m. Consistent very long edge-to-interior gradients were also detected for site variables. The distance-to-edge effect remained significant after controlling for site differences, especially for MIV.pH and N. Significant edge-to-core gradients of MIV were detected over much larger ranges than previously recognised. Neither the presence of an ecological boundary between forest and the surrounding matrix, nor microclimate, soil or forest management heterogeneity within forest patches can fully explain this long edge-to-interior gradient observed in MIV. Two hypotheses are discussed for MIV.pH and N: (1) soil eutrophication, due to atmospheric N deposition, which could occur deeper into forest cores than previously acknowledged; (2) land-use legacies, as the periphery of ancient forests is more often occupied by recent forests where former agricultural practices have irreversibly modified topsoil properties. Land use history data would help identify the drivers underlying these long-range edge gradients.
For half a century, the significant development of intensive farming has led to a massive use of products such as pesticides. The excessive use of these substances has contaminated surface water and groundwater. Drinking water extraction points have also had to be abandoned. Some thirty years ago, in the southwest of France, a group of farmers decided to improve their farming methods, as well as developing new Best Environmental Practices, such as grass strips along streams and riparian forests. By combining the use of ELECTRE TRI-C multi-criteria model with a GIS, we were able to characterise the contribution of each farming area to the risk of surface water contamination with pesticides. We also assessed the effectiveness of different environmental practices. We found that the use of Best Environmental Practices led to a reduction in the risk of pesticides transfer. This methodology re-enforces decision support tools for water resource managers and agricultural and environmental stakeholders.
Ce volume de la revue Lengas traite de la compétition et des débats idéologiques au sein des mouvements de revitalisation linguistique, en Provence mais aussi en Pays Valencien, en Corse et au Costa Rica.
Cet article se propose d'éclairer les mécanismes de construction d'actions partenariales à partir de cas issus des milieux scolaires comme celui d'Estim'action. Il illustre la typologie des réseaux d'ouverture et de collaboration et la notion de contrat de collaboration et souligne les compétences nécessaires au partenariat.
Le maître E chargé de l'aide à dominante pédagogique des élèves en difficulté d'apprentissage voit son métier évoluer suite à une série de réformes ayant pour conséquence de majorer ses activités partenariales. Cette étude qualitative menée à partir d'autoconfrontations simples et croisées a permis de pointer une série de caractéristiques aux pratiques partenariales qui tendent à les " marginaliser ". L'espace professionnel dans lequel évolue le maître E est d'une grande diversité et se déroule dans des temps et sur des lieux situés en marge de la classe dans et hors l'école. La position périphérique du maître E dans le système est favorable aux échanges et aux triangulations entre le maître de la classe, les familles et le maître E autour de ce qui fait problème pour l'élève dans et hors la classe. C'est à la fois cette relative extériorité qui les conduit à exercer une grande partie de leur métier en dehors de la présence des élèves, et la technicité de certains de leurs gestes qui constituent leur expertise. Nous avons pu identifier que le métier s'exerce dans une série de tensions comme: entre ce qui est explicité et ce qui ne l'est pas, entre le niveau formel et informel, entre les spécificités du maître E qui font son expertise et celle de ses collègues de milieu ordinaire, et enfin dans l'affrontement des temporalités, que ces tensions étaient constitutives de l'activité partenariale du maître E et traduisaient au final des savoir faire et des gestes de métier. Les maîtres E investissent leur rôle de partenaire dans des logiques d'aide indirecte à l'élève pour rendre possible l'aide directe. La réforme et l'attribution de la responsabilité de l'aide au maître de milieu ordinaire ont accentué cet aspect du travail du maître E, notamment à l'égard du maître de la classe, en se positionnant comme une personne ressource à l'égard de ses collègues de milieu ordinaire.
A predictive model of the Falcon enhanced gravity separator has been derived from a physical analysis of its separation principle, and validated against experimental data. After summarizing the previous works that led to this model and the hypotheses on which they rely, the model is extended to cover a wide range of operating conditions and particle properties. The most significant development presented here is the extension of the analytical law to concentrated suspensions, which makes it applicable to actual plant operating conditions. Two examples of industrial use cases are described and studied by interrogation of the model: dredged sediment waste reduction and coal recovery from fine tailings. Comparisons with empirical studies available in the literature show a good agreement between model predictions and industrial data. The model is then used to identify separation efficiency limitations as well as possible solutions to overcome them. These two examples serve to show how this predictive model can be used to obtain valuable information to improve physical separation processes using a Falcon concentrator, or to evaluate Falcon separator's abilities for new applications.
No abstract
A specific device has been set up to test by vibration resonance the mode I fatigue delamination growth onset of composite laminates. This test system, based on the DCB test specimen, is a mass-spring-specimen dynamic system designed to resonate. The defined operating conditions allow performing delamination propagation tests under imposed load and stopping the test under reproducible conditions, identical to the ones recommended in the ASTM-D6115 standard. This system allows fatigue tests to be driven up to 100Hz, reducing the time taken by a factor of ten without detrimental heat being generated in the material. The effect of frequency on the fatigue delamination growth on mode I has been investigated through a comparison with standard tests performed at 10Hz. A decrease in resistance to the propagation of delamination is observed with the increase in frequency for the composite studied. This frequency effect seems to be a strain rate effect and was taken in consideration by using dynamical critical energy restitution rate for the G-N curve plotting.
It has been previously established that the Leopard Whipray, Himantura leoparda, consists of two genetically isolated, cryptic species, provisionally designated as 'Cluster 1' and 'Cluster 4' (Arlyza et al., Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 65 (2013) [1]). Here, we show that the two cryptic species differ by the spotting patterns on the dorsal surface of adults: Cluster-4 individuals tend to have larger ocellated spots which also more often have a continuous contour than Cluster-1 individuals. We show that H. leoparda's holotype has the typical larger-ocellated spot pattern, designating Cluster 4 as the actual H. leoparda. The other species (Cluster 1) is described as Himantura tutul sp. nov. on the basis of the nucleotide sequence of a 655-base pair fragment of its cytochrome-oxidase I gene (GENBANK accession no. JX263335). Nucleotide synapomorphies at this locus clearly distinguish Himantura tutul sp. nov. from all three other valid species in the H. uarnak species complex, namely H. leoparda, H. uarnak, and H. undulata. Himantura tutul sp. nov. has a wide distribution in the Indo-West Pacific, from the shores of eastern Africa to the Indo-Malay archipelago. H. leoparda under its new definition has a similarly wide Indo-West Pacific distribution.
Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms that have a broad spectrum of biological activities and pharmaceutical applications (e.g., antibiotic, immunomodulating, and antitumor activities). One particularity of the NRPs is the biodiversity of their monomers, extending far beyond the 20 proteogenic amino acid residues. Norine, a comprehensive database of NRPs, allowed us to review for the first time the main characteristics of the NRPs and especially their monomer biodiversity. Our analysis highlighted a significant similarity relationship between NRPs synthesized by bacteria and those isolated from metazoa, especially from sponges, supporting the hypothesis that some NRPs isolated from sponges are actually synthesized by symbiotic bacteria rather than by the sponges themselves. A comparison of peptide monomeric compositions as a function of biological activity showed that some monomers are specific to a class of activities. An analysis of the monomer compositions of peptide products predicted from genomic information (metagenomics and high-throughput genome sequencing) or of new peptides detected by mass spectrometry analysis applied to a culture supernatant can provide indications of the origin of a peptide and/or its biological activity.
We propose a family of multivariate heavy-tailed distributions that allow variable marginal amounts of tailweight. The originality comes from introducing multidimensional instead of univariate scale variables for the mixture of scaled Gaussian family of distributions. In contrast to most existing approaches, the derived distributions can account for a variety of shapes and have a simple tractable form with a closed-form probability density function whatever the dimension. We examine a number of properties of these distributions and illustrate them in the particular case of Pearson type VII and ttails. For these latter cases, we provide maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters and illustrate their modelling flexibility on simulated and real data clustering example.
Compressed sensing (CS) is a theory which guarantees the exact recovery of sparse signals from a few number of linear projections. The sampling schemes suggested by current CS theories are often of little relevance since they cannot be implemented on practical acquisition systems. In this paper, we study a new random sampling approach that consists in selecting a set of blocks that are predefined by the application of interest. A typical example is the case where the blocks consist in horizontal lines in the 2D Fourier plane. We provide theoretical results on the number of blocks that are required for exact sparse signal reconstruction in a noise free setting. We illustrate this theory for various sensing matrices appearing in applications such as time-frequency bases. A typical result states that it is sufficient to acquire no more than $O\left( s \ln^2(n) \right)$ lines in the 2D Fourier domain for the perfect reconstruction of an $s$-sparse image of size $\sqrt{n} \times \sqrt{n}$ . The proposed results have a large number of potential applications in systems such as magnetic resonance imaging, radio-interferometry or ultra-sound imaging.
Wavelet analysis has been found to be a powerful tool for the nonparametric estimation of spatially-variable objects. We discuss in detail wavelet methods in nonparametric regression, where the data are modelled as observations of a signal contaminated with additive Gaussian noise, and provide an extensive review of the vast literature of wavelet shrinkage and wavelet thresholding estimators developed to denoise such data. These estimators arise from a wide range of classical and empirical Bayes methods treating either individual or blocks of wavelet coefficients. We compare various estimators in an extensive simulation study on a variety of sample sizes, test functions, signal-to-noise ratios and wavelet filters. Because there is no single criterion that can adequately summarise the behaviour of an estimator, we use various criteria to measure performance in finite sample situations. Insight into the performance of these estimators is obtained from graphical outputs and numerical tables. In order to provide some hints of how these estimators should be used to analyse real data sets, a detailed practical step-by-step illustration of a wavelet denoising analysis on electrical consumption is provided. Matlab codes are provided so that all figures and tables in this paper can be reproduced.
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