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Ultrafiltration polyethersulfone membranes were modified covalently by chemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts. Functionalizations were performed with four aryl diazonium salts bearing different functional groups (4-benzyltriphenylphosphonium diazonium, 4-nitrophenyl diazonium, 4-benzonitrile diazonium and 4-phenylacetic acid diazonium) so as to demonstrate the versatility of the method. The efficiency of the different functionalizations was checked with various characterization techniques. Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infra Red spectroscopy revealed the presence of 4-nitrophenyl, 4-benzonitrile and 4-phenylacetic acid groups at the surface of the different modified membranes but no characteristic vibration band was detected on the surface of the membrane modified with 4-benzyltriphenylphosphonium diazonium. The presence of 4-benzyltriphenylphosphonium, however, could be demonstrated by both Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (detection of the Kα ray of phosphorous at 2.015 keV) and streaming current measurements (shift of the membrane isoelectric point). Finally, dead-end filtration of an antibiotic (tylosin) was carried out with the unmodified membrane and the membrane modified by 4-benzyltriphenyl-phosphonium diazonium. Experiments revealed that the transport properties of the grafted membrane were significantly modified, with a significant increase in rejection mainly due to electrostatic repulsions between the surface of the modified membrane and tylosin.
Cette étude explore la réactivité des nitrates à l'interface bitume-béton dans une alvéole de stockage de déchets radioactifs de moyenne activité et à vie longue dans la perspective de déterminer les conditions redox qui s'y développeront. La première partie du travail visait à identifier, en conditions abiotiques (sans bactéries), les interactions entre deux composants du système : le béton (introduit sous forme de pâtes de ciment) et le bitume (simulé par des lixiviats modèles constitués de solutions d'acides organiques et de nitrates). La seconde partie de l'étude a été conduite en conditions biotiques avec deux espèces de bactéries hétérotrophes dénitrifiantes (Pseudomonas stutzeri - Ps et Halomonas desiderata - Hd) et avait pour but d'analyser la réaction de réduction des nitrates (cinétiques, sous-produits, rôle de la matière organique) en conditions de pH neutre à alcalin (caractéristiques de l'environnement chimique imposé par le béton). Les résultats ont montré que des interactions fortes se produisaient entre la matrice cimentaire et les acides organiques, acétique et oxalique, interactions susceptibles de réduire la biodisponibilité de cette matière organique (pour l'oxalate en particulier), et ont confirmé la stabilité des nitrates dans ces conditions. En conditions biotiques, les nitrates ont été réduits par Ps et Hd selon la voie métabolique de dénitrification anaérobie. Les cinétiques de réduction étaient plus élevées avec Ps mais les réactions étaient inhibées pour pH > 9. Hd était en revanche capable de réaliser la dénitrification jusqu'à pH 11 au moins.
Isopropanol represents a widely-used commercial alcohol which is currently produced from petroleum. In nature, isopropanol is excreted by some strains of Clostridium beijerinckii, simultaneously with butanol and ethanol during the isopropanol butanol ethanol (IBE) fermentation. In order to increase isopropanol production, the gene encoding the secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme from C. beijerinckii NRRL B593 (adh) which catalyzes the reduction of acetone to isopropanol, was cloned into the acetone, butanol and ethanol (ABE)-producing strain C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. The transformants showed high capacity for conversion of acetone into isopropanol (> 95%). To increase isopropanol production levels in ATCC 824, polycistronic transcription units containing, in addition to the adh gene, homologous genes of the acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc), and/or the acetoacetyl-CoA:acetate/butyrate:CoA transferase subunits A and B (ctfA and ctfB) were constructed and introduced into the wild-type strain. Combined overexpression of the ctfA and ctfB genes resulted in enhanced solvent production. In non-pH-controlled batch cultures, the total solvents excreted by the transformant overexpressing the adh, ctfA, ctfB and adc genes were 24.4 g/L IBE (including 8.8 g/L isopropanol), while the control strain harbouring an empty plasmid produced only 20.2 g/L ABE (including 7.6 g/L acetone). The overexpression of the adc gene had limited effect on IBE production. Interestingly, all transformants with the adh gene converted acetoin (a minor fermentation product) into 2,3-butanediol, highlighting the wide metabolic versatility of solvent-producing Clostridia.
In this paper we build a method to optimize Multi-Year Prospective Budgets. First we present a systemic model of Local Community Finances. Then, from two acceptable Multi-Year Prospective Budgets the method implements a Genetic Algorithm to generate a collection of admissible Multi-Year Prospective Budgets among which Decision-Makers can choose. The method is tested on simplified cases and on in operational situation and gives satisfactory results.
Cette these propose un cadre mathematique pour la modelisation du risque endogene dans les marches financiers. Le risque endogene designe le risque genere, et amplifie, au sein du systeme financier lui-meme, par les differents acteurs economiques et leurs interactions, par opposition au risque exogene, genere par des chocs exterieurs au systeme financier. Notre etude est motivee par l'observation des differentes crises financieres passees, qui montre le role central du risque endogene dans les marches financiers. Ainsi, les periodes de crises sont souvent associees a des phenomenes de liquidation/ventes 'eclair ('fire sales'), qui g'en'erent, de mani'ere endog'ene, une importante volatilit'e pour les actifs financiers et des pics inattendus de corr'elations entre les rendements de ces actifs, entraˆınant de fortes pertes pour les investisseurs. Alors que la structure de d'ependance entre les rendements d'actifs financiers est traditionnellement mod'elis'ee de mani'ere exog'ene, les faits d'ecrits pr'ec'edemment sugg'erent qu'une telle mod'elisation exog'ene ne peut rendre compte du risque endog'ene observ'e dans les march'es financiers. L'id'ee principale de cette th'ese est de distinguer entre deux origines pour la corr'elation entre actifs. La premi'ere est exog'ene et refl'ete une corr'elation fondamentale. La seconde est endog'ene et trouve son origine dans l'offre et la demande syst'ematiques g'en'er'ees par les grandes institutions financi'eres. Nous mod'elisons la dynamique en temps discret des prix d'actifs financiers d'un march'e multi-actifs par une chaˆıne de Markov dans lequel le rendement de chaque actif, 'a chaque p'eriode k, se d'ecompose en un terme al'eatoire - qui repr'esente les fondamentaux de l'actif et est independant du passe - et un terme d'offre/demande syst'ematique, genere de maniere endogene. Dans chaque chapitre, nous caracterisons mathematiquement cette offre endog'ene et son impact sur les prix d'actifs financiers. Nous exhibons des conditions sous lesquelles la chaıne de Markov converge faiblement, lorsque le pas de temps du modele discret tend vers zero, vers la solution d'une equation differentielle stochastique dont nous donnons le drift et la volatilite multi-dimensionnels. L''etude du processus de covariation quadratique de la limite diffusive nous permet de quantifier l'impact de l'offre et demande endogenes systematiques sur la structure de dependance entre actifs. Enfin, nous developpons des outils statistiques et econometriques visant a resoudre le probleme inverse d'identification et d'estimation des parametres de notre modele a partir de donnees de prix d'actifs financiers. Le Chapitre 1 'etudie le risque endogene genere par un fonds sujet a des ventes forcees en raison d'investisseurs qui sortent de leurs positions lorsque le fonds sous-performe et que sa valeur passe en-dessous d'un seuil. Nous modelisons l'offre et la demande provenant de telles ventes forcees en introduisant une 'fonction de liquidation' f qui mesure la vitesse 'a laquelle les investisseurs sortent de leurs positions dans le fonds. Nous supposons que l'offre en exces due au fonds sur chaque actif impacte le rendement de l'actif de maniere lineaire et nous explicitons les conditions pour que la dynamique de prix en temps discret soit une chaˆıne de Markov dans (R∗ )n, ou' n est le nombre d'actifs dans le marche. Nous exhibons des conditions sous lesquelles le modele discret converge faiblement vers une diffusion en temps continu et calculons les drifts et volatilites multi- 7 dimensionnels de la dynamique de prix en temps continu. L'etude de la covariation quadratique de la limite diffusive permet d'expliciter l'impact des ventes forcees dans le fonds sur la structure de d'ependance entre les actifs financiers. En particulier, nous montrons que la matrice de covariance realisee s''ecrit comme la somme d'une matrice de covariance fondamentale et une matrice de covariance en exces, qui depend des positions du fonds, de la liquidite des actifs et de la trajectoire passee des prix et qui est nulle lorsqu'il n'y a pas de ventes forcees. Nous prouvons alors que cet impact endogene augmente la volatilite du fonds en question, exactement dans les scenarios ou' le fonds subit des pertes. Nous calculons 'egalement son impact sur la volatilit'e d'autres fonds investissant dans les memes actifs et prouvons l'existence d'une relation d'orthogonalite entre les positions du fonds de reference et d'un autre fonds telle que, si cette relation d'orthogonalite est verifiee, des ventes forcees dans le fonds de reference n'affectent pas la volatilit'e de l'autre fonds. Le Chapitre 2 etend les resultats du Chapitre 1 au cas de plusieurs fonds et d'un impact quelconque (pas necessairement lineaire) de l'offre aggregee en exces provenant de ventes forcees dans ces fonds, sur les rendements de prix d'actifs. Nous exhibons des conditions sous lesquelles le mod'ele discret converge faiblement vers une diffusion en temps continu. La fonction de volatilite de la limite diffusive ne depend de la fonction de d'impact qu''a travers sa derivee premiere en zero, montrant qu'un modele de d'impact lineaire capture completement l'impact des effets de retroaction dus aux ventes forcees dans les differents fonds sur la structure de dependance entre actifs. Nous calculons la matrice de covariance realisee, en fonction des positions liquid'ees, en particulier dans un cas simple ou' les liquidations ont lieu 'a vitesse constante, dans un intervalle de temps fix'e et nous donnons des conditions assurant que cette relation peut etre inversee et les volumes de liquidations identifi'es. Nous construisons alors un estimateur du volume de liquidation dans chaque actif, dont nous prouvons la consistance, et pour lequel nous d'erivons un th'eor'eme central limite, qui nous permet de construire un test statistique testant si, pendant une periode donnee, des liquidations ont eu lieu. Nous illustrons notre procedure d'estimation avec deux exemples empiriques: le 'quant event' d'aouˆt 2007 et les liquidations suivant la faillite de Lehman Brothers en Automne 2008. Le Chapitre 3 etudie l'impact d'un investisseur institutionnel investissant une portion constante de sa richesse dans chaque actif (strategie fixed-mix). Pour un vecteur d'allocations donne, nous prouvons l'existence d'une unique strategie fixed-mix autofinancante. A chaque p'eriode, le prix des n actifs et la valeur du fonds fixed-mix sont obtenus comme la solution d'un probl'eme de point fixe. Nous montrons que, sous certaines conditions que nous explicitons, le modele discret converge vers une limite diffusive, pour laquelle nous calculons la covariance et la correlation realisee 'a l'ordre un en liquidit'e. Nos r'esultats montrent que la presence d'investisseurs institutionnels peut modifier les correlations de facon significative. Nous calculons les vecteurs propres et valeurs propres de la matrice de correlation realisee (a' l'ordre un en liquidite). L''etude des drifts de la limite continue nous permet de calculer les rendements esperes des actifs et montre qu'en raison de la presence de l'investisseur institutionnel, les rendements esp'er'es des actifs avec grand (resp. faible) drift fondamental, compares au rendement fondamental du fonds, diminuent (resp. augmentent). Nous calculons, dans un exemple simple, la strategie efficiente pour un critere moyenne-variance et montrons qu'elle est differente de la strategie optimale fondamentale (sans le fonds). L''etude de la frontiere optimale dans cet exemple montre qu'un investisseur prenant en compte l'impact de l'investisseur institutionnel peut ameliorer son rendement pour un niveau de risque donne.
We formalize the randomization procedure undertaken to discriminate players in real option games with Stackelberg leadership advantage. This is done by introducing a random arbitrator with specific parameterizations, and allows to propose a unified treatment of both Cournot and Stackelberg competition in real option games. We extend the study to a partial arbitrator, which leads to competitive advantages in various asymmetrical situations. We fully characterize strategic interactions. We then apply the procedure to risk-neutral and risk-averse firms in a stochastic preemptive real option game in complete market under regulation. The risk-averse case gives us the opportunity to study a new phenomenon we call aversion for confrontation, and its impact on the asymmetrical game.
Many optimization problems (from academia or industry) require the use of a local search to find a satisfying solution in a reasonable amount of time, even if the optimality is not guaranteed. Usually, local search algorithms operate in a search space which contains complete solutions (feasible or not) to the problem. In contrast, in Consistent Neighborhood Search (CNS), after each variable assignment, the conflicting variables are deleted to keep the partial solution feasible, and the search can stop when all the variables have a value. In this paper, we formally propose a new heuristic solution method, CNS, which has a search behavior between exhaustive tree search and local search working with complete solutions. We then discuss, with a unified view, the great success of some existing heuristics, which can however be considered within the CNS framework, in various fields: graph coloring, frequency assignment in telecommunication networks, vehicle fleet management with maintenance constraints, and satellite range scheduling. Moreover, some lessons are given in order to have guidelines for the adaptation of CNS to other problems.
The modern techniques of Structure from Motion (SfM) and Image-Based Modelling (IBM) open new perspectives in the field of archaeological documentation, providing a simple and accurate way to record three-dimensional data. In the last edition of the workshop, the presentation "Computer Vision and Structure From Motion, new methodologies in archaeological three-dimensional documentation. An open source approach." showed the advantages of this new methodology (low cost, portability, versatility ...), but it also identified some problems: the use of the closed feature detector SIFT source code and the necessity of a simplification of the workflow. The software Python Photogrammetry Toolbox (PPT) is a possible solution to solve these problems. It is composed of python scripts that automate the different steps of the workflow. The entire process is reduced in two commands, calibration and dense reconstruction. The user can run it from a graphical interface or from terminal command.
Product Health Monitoring (PHM) is the process of monitoring usage conditions of the product. Like Structural Health Monitoring systems, they are traditionally deployed during the Middle-Of-Life (MOL) phase of the product's life-cycle. The aim of this paper is to describe the concept of PHM throughout its life-cycle. Advances in Nanotechnology and wireless nano sensors networks allow envisaging their integration into many products and systems. From this observation, we propose to describe a system to monitor dimensional features of a product. The monitoring system uses self-organizing communication network principles. Thereby the product can perform its continuous health monitoring, regardless its physical transformations. Self-measurement system requires no specific sensors and is based on two techniques: neighborhood discovering and distance-ranging.
We study polygonal billiards with one-sided vertical mirror scattered on a square billiard table. We associate trajectories of these kinds of billiards with double rotations and study orbit behavior and questions of complexity.
In the present work, we present a new discrete logarithm algorithm, in the same vein as in recent works by Joux, using an asymptotically more efficient descent approach. The main result gives a quasi-polynomial heuristic complexity for the discrete logarithm problem in finite field of small characteristic. By quasi-polynomial, we mean a complexity of type $n^{O(\log n)}$ where $n$ is the bit-size of the cardinality of the finite field. Such a complexity is smaller than any $L(\varepsilon)$ for $\epsilon>0$. It remains super-polynomial in the size of the input, but offers a major asymptotic improvement compared to $L(1/4+o(1))$.
L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier divers problèmes de statistique non-paramétrique dans le cadre d'un modèle d'interactions poissoniennes. De tels modèles sont, par exemple, utilisés en neurosciences pour analyser les interactions entre deux neurones au travers leur émission de potentiels d'action au cours de l'enregistrement de l'activité cérébrale ou encore en génomique pour étudier les distances favorisées ou évitées entre deux motifs le long du génome. Dans ce cadre, nous introduisons une fonction dite de reproduction qui permet de quantifier les positions préférentielles des motifs et qui peut être modélisée par l'intensité d'un processus de Poisson. Dans un premier temps, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation de cette fonction que l'on suppose très localisée. Nous proposons une procédure d'estimation adaptative par seuillage de coefficients d'ondelettes qui est optimale des points de vue oracle et minimax. Des simulations et une application en génomique sur des données réelles provenant de la bactérie E. coli nous permettent de montrer le bon comportement pratique de notre procédure. Puis, nous traitons les problèmes de test associés qui consistent à tester la nullité de la fonction de reproduction. Pour cela, nous construisons une procédure de test optimale du point de vue minimax sur des espaces de Besov faibles, qui a également montré ses performances du point de vue pratique. Enfin, nous prolongeons ces travaux par l'étude d'une version discrète en grande dimension du modèle précédent en proposant une procédure adaptative de type Lasso.
PICARD SOL is the ground component of the PICARD mission and is operational since March 2011. A set of instruments including the replica of the space instrument and several atmospheric monitors was set up at Calern observatory in order to compare solar radius measured in space and on ground and to better understand and calibrate atmospheric effects on ground based measurements. SODISMII provides full disk images of the chromosphere and photosphere of the Sun in five narrow pass bands ranging from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared. Our preliminary results show a very good instrumental stability. After plate scale calibration using star doublet observations and corrections for atmospheric refraction, first estimates of the mean solar radius at the five wavelengths (393.37, 535.7, 607.1, 782.2, and 1025.0nm) are deduced from measurements recorded between May 2011 and December 2012.
It is shown that using elliptically polarized light permits selecting well-defined subsurface volumes in a turbid medium. This suggests the possibility of probing biological tissues at specific depths. First, we present the method and preliminary results obtained on an Intralipid phantom. We next report on the method's performance on a biological phantom (chicken breast) and, finally, on the exposed cortex of an anesthetized rat.
Polarization gating is a popular technique in biomedical optics. It is widely used to inspect the surface of the tissues (under colinear or cocircular detection) or instead to probe the volume (cross-linear detection), without information on the probed depth. Elliptical polarization is introduced to explore the possibility of probing diffuse tissues at selective depths. A thorough Monte Carlo simulation study shows complete correlation between the probed depths and the ellipticity of the polarized light, for a medium with known optical properties. Within a wide range of optical parameters, a linear relation between the backscattered intensity and the depth extension of the probed volume was found whatever the polarization used, but with a controlled extension depending on the ellipticity.
PICARD SOL is the ground component of the PICARD mission and is operational since March 2011. A set of instruments including the replica of the space instrument and several atmospheric monitors was set up at Calern observatory in order to compare solar radius measured in space and on ground and to better understand and calibrate atmospheric effects on ground based measurements. SODISMII provides full disk images of the chromosphere and photosphere of the Sun in five narrow pass bands ranging from the near ultraviolet to the near infrared. Our preliminary results show a very good instrumental stability. After plate scale calibration using star doublet observations and corrections for atmospheric refraction, first estimates of the mean solar radius at the five wavelengths (393.37, 535.7, 607.1, 782.2, and 1025.0nm) are deduced from measurements recorded between May 2011 and December 2012.
Série du Dogger au Néocomien, molasse miocène et dépôts quaternaires. Zone plissée et chevauchante, affectée par des abaissements d'axe. Convergence du drainage karstique vers la zone structuralement la plus basse, transversale par rapport aux plis. Étude d'une retenue collinaire
Série du Dogger au Néocomien, molasse miocène et dépôts quaternaires. Zone plissée et chevauchante, affectée par des abaissements d'axe. Convergence du drainage karstique vers la zone structuralement la plus basse, transversale par rapport aux plis. Étude d'une retenue collinaire
In this paper, we propose an adaptive observer-based synchronization approach for a class of chaotic Lur'e systems with slope restricted nonlinearities and delayed outputs. The delay is assumed bounded and time varying and the information to be transmitted is assumed piece-wise constant. Based on the Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach, we show that for sufficiently small values of the time-delay upper bound, both synchronization and information reconstruction objectives are ensured under a condition of persistent excitation and after solving a convex optimization problem. The result is illustrated via a numerical example of a chaotic communication system subject to a transmission delay.
We propose a robust adaptive chaotic synchronization method based on unknown-input observers for master-slave syn- chronization of chaotic systems, with application to secured com- munication. The slave system is modelled by an unknown input observer in which, the unknown input is the transmitted informa- tion. As in the general observer-based synchronization paradigm, the information is recovered if the master and slave systems ro- bustly synchronize. In the context of unknown-input observers, this is tantamount to estimating the master's states and the unknown inputs. The set-up also considers the presence of perturbations in the chaotic transmitter dynamics and in the output equations (the transmitted signal). That is, the estimator (slave system) must syn- chronize albeit noisy measurements and reject the effect of pertur- bations on the transmitter dynamics. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for synchronization to take place. To highlight our contribution, we also present some simulation results with the purpose of comparing the proposed method to classical adaptive observer-based synchronization (without disturbance rejection). It is shown that additive noise is perfectly canceled and the encoded message is well recovered despite the perturbations.
One of the most challenging and basic problems in elastic rod dynamics is a description of rods in contact that prevents any unphysical self-intersections. Most previous works addressed this issue through the introduction of short-range potentials. We study the dynamics of elastic rods with perfect rolling contact which is physically relevant for rods with a rough surface. Such dynamics cannot be described by the introduction of any kind of potential. We show that, surprisingly, the presence of rolling contact in rod dynamics leads to highly complex behavior even for the evolution of small disturbances.
In most animal species, vision is mediated by compound eyes, which offer lower resolution than vertebrate single-lens eyes, but significantly larger fields of view with negligible distortion and spherical aberration, as well as high temporal resolution in a tiny package. Compound eyes are ideally suited for fast panoramic motion perception. Engineering a miniature artificial compound eye is challenging because it requires accurate alignment of photoreceptive and optical components on a curved surface. Here, we describe a unique design method for biomimetic compound eyes featuring a panoramic, undistorted field of view in a very thin package. The design consists of three planar layers of separately produced arrays, namely, a microlens array, a neuromorphic photodetector array, and a flexible printed circuit board that are stacked, cut, and curved to produce a mechanically flexible imager. Following this method, we have prototyped and characterized an artificial compound eye bearing a hemispherical field of view with embedded and programmable low-power signal processing, high temporal resolution, and local adaptation to illumination. The prototyped artificial compound eye possesses several characteristics similar to the eye of the fruit fly Drosophila and other arthropod species. This design method opens up additional vistas for a broad range of applications in which wide field motion detection is at a premium, such as collision-free navigation of terrestrial and aerospace vehicles, and for the experimental testing of insect vision theories.
On étudiera les compléments de l'adjectif dans un traité technique, les RES RVSTICAE de Varron. On se demandera si, sur le modèle tesniérien de la valence verbale, on peut concevoir aussi une valence de l'adjectif latin. Cette analyse dépendancielle sera confrontée à une analyse interdépendancielle et rectionnelle.
There is a new Bayesian, or probabilistic, paradigm in the psychology of reasoning, with new psychological accounts of the indicative conditional of natural language. In psychological experiments in this new paradigm, people judge that the probability of the indicative conditional, P(if A then C), is the conditional probability of C given A, P(C | A). In other experiments, participants respond with what has been called the 'de- fective' truth table: they judge that if A then C is true when A holds and C holds, is false when A holds and C does not, and is neither true nor false when A does not hold. We argue that these responses are not 'defective' in any negative sense, as many psychologists have implied. We point out that a number of normative researchers, including de Finetti, have proposed such a table for various coherent interpretations of the third value. We review the relevant general tables in the normative literature, in which there is a third value for A and C and the logically compound forms of the natural language conditional, negation, conjunction, disjunction, and the material conditional. We describe the results of an experiment on which of these tables best describes ordinary people's judgements when the third value is interpreted as indicating uncertainty.
Série du Dogger au Néocomien, molasse miocène et dépôts quaternaires. Zone plissée et chevauchante, affectée par des abaissements d'axe. Convergence du drainage karstique vers la zone structuralement la plus basse, transversale par rapport aux plis. Étude d'une retenue collinaire
Série du Dogger au Néocomien, molasse miocène et dépôts quaternaires. Zone plissée et chevauchante, affectée par des abaissements d'axe. Convergence du drainage karstique vers la zone structuralement la plus basse, transversale par rapport aux plis. Étude d'une retenue collinaire
The theory of traits (life-history, ecological and biological traits) states that a species' characteristics might enable its persistence and development in given environmental conditions. If environment is the major factor controlling functional assemblage structure, species with similar attributes are expected to inhabit a similar environment. This study uses trait states in 849 European riverine fish assemblages to analyze the influence of environment, phylogeny and biogeography on the functional structure of these assemblages. European fish assemblages were highly structured and two main syndromes (a suite of coevolved traits) were observed: (1) assemblages dominated by stenothermal intolerant individuals and (2) assemblages dominated by eurythermal, eurytopic and tolerant individuals. Temperature and stream physical structure were the two main environmental factors explaining the diversity of fish assemblage functional structures, while the influence of biogeographic factors was weak, once environment was taken into account. This suggests that, whatever the regional species pool, similar assemblage functional structures will be found in similar environmental conditions. The phylogenetic relatedness between species might also explain to some extent the associations between the species traits observed among European fish assemblages.
The number of online environments language teachers can employ is constantly growing, offering increased potential for L2 interaction analysis. However, research cannot necessarily keep up with technology innovation. One danger is that CALL research will reinvent the wheel each time a new technology emerges. To better understand L2 interaction across different environments, Reffay, Betbeder & Chanier (2012) underline the need to share research situations in formats that allow comparisons between interactions in different online environments to be made and that are open-access. In the language-learning domain, learner corpora (Granger, 2004; Meunier et al., 2012) are exploited for SLA research. Frequently comprising data from test situations (Reffay et al., 2008) and used in learner-native speaker comparative studies (Botlon, Carter-Thomas & Rowley-Jolivet, 2012), learner corpora focus on learners' productions and consider neither other course participants (tutors, native speakers) nor the learning context. A LEarning and TEaching Corpus (LETEC) links, following international standards, all elements resulting from an online learning situation (Chanier & Ciekanski, 2010). It comprises a XML "manifest" which describes the corpus' components: the learning design, the research protocol (questionnaires, interview data), the interaction data (audio, textchat, video), all participants' productions and licences relating to ethics and access rights. The XML schema allows interactions from different tools and environments (conceptual map editor, blogs, synthetic worlds...) to be stored and described in a standardized way, facilitating data analysis. Interaction data is included in environment-independent formalisms. Our presentation will introduce the methodology for building a LETEC. Using data from a CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) course which employed the synthetic world Second Life, and analyses into nonverbal and L2 verbal interaction in this environment (Wigham & Chanier, in press; Wigham & Chanier, 2012), we will illustrate how LETEC methodology may help sustain CALL research beyond the hype of the latest online environment.
La scission s'inscrit dans l'histoire du mouvement ouvrier français, marqué depuis la Révolution russe par la lutte entre partisans de la révolution ou des réformes, La réunification de mars 1936, qui ne survit pas au Pacte germano soviétique, redevient réalité dans la Résistance le 17 avril 1943. La Guerre froide provoque une profonde division syndicale entre CGT et CGT FO. L'UD CGT du Jura, dirigée par les socialistes, entérine la scission le 18 janvier 1948... La " guerre syndicale " est alimentée au plan international par l'éclatement de la FSM alignée sur les positions du Bloc soviétique alors que la toute nouvelle CISL, dont FO est membre, adopte celles du Bloc occidental. L'essai de rapprochement des " syndicats libres " FO CFTC ne dure pas et FO , sans exclure des actions locales communes refuse tout accord national avec la CGT, complice du totalitarisme soviétique.
Ce chapitre propose une étude comparative de l'essor de l'administration électronique à travers le cas de l'administration fiscale, au milieu des années 2000. Nous analysons trois situations nationales contrastées, le Royaume-Uni, l'Espagne et la France. Il s'agit ici d'indiquer quelques traits forts de l'organisation de ces administrations en vue de faire apparaître les spécificités du cas français. Avant d'étudier la mise en place de l'administration électronique, les spécificités de chaque administration fiscale sont examinées, pour contextualiser quelques résultats sur les usages des téléservices fiscaux.
Product Health Monitoring (PHM) is the process of monitoring usage conditions of the product. Like Structural Health Monitoring systems, they are traditionally deployed during the Middle-Of-Life (MOL) phase of the product's life-cycle. The aim of this paper is to describe the concept of PHM throughout its life-cycle. Advances in Nanotechnology and wireless nano sensors networks allow envisaging their integration into many products and systems. From this observation, we propose to describe a system to monitor dimensional features of a product. The monitoring system uses self-organizing communication network principles. Thereby the product can perform its continuous health monitoring, regardless its physical transformations. Self-measurement system requires no specific sensors and is based on two techniques: neighborhood discovering and distance-ranging.
A mixing layer is generally considered as a prototype of free shear flows whichoccur in a very broad spectrum of applications from natural phenomena to the engineeringscience. The increasing development of the aeroacoustics, more particularly thanks to theprogress in numerical simulations, has allowed to identify the coherent structures which evolvein the flow as the main sound sources. Furthermore, the emergence of the instability wavestaking the form of the coherent structures can be characterized by the stability analysis. In thiscontext, we propose through this work to perform a global stability analysis, in order tounderstand the emergence of fundamental frequencies, as well as a modal decompositionwithin both a linear and nonlinear framework, to characterize the coherent structures primarilyresponsible for the sound generation. In particular, we propose to develop the methods of theglobal stability with respect to the compressible flows as well as a technique of calculation ofcoherent structures applied to the nonlinear regimes based on the DMD method. Such analysistools are validated and illustrated on an academic configuration of a co-flowing mixing layer, atypical noise amplifier, from a simple case where a single source is implicated in the acousticradiation to a more complex case where two sources are present. Both the temporal and spatialDMD are shown capable of describing the characteristics of the coherent structures in the nearfield and the behaviour of the acoustic waves in the far field. Finally, the methods of the modaldecomposition have proven themselves as a relevant model reduction aiming at designing anefficient control strategy.
Endomicroscopy allows in vivo and in situ imaging with cellular resolution. One limitation of endomicroscopy is the small field of view which can however be extended using mosaicing techniques. In this paper, we describe a methodological framework aiming to reconstruct a mosaic of endomicroscopic images acquired following a noisy robotized spiral trajectory. First, we infer the topology of the frames, that is the map of neighbors for every frame in the spiral. For this, we use a Viterbi algorithm considering every new acquired frame in the current branch of the spiral as an observation and the index of the best neighboring frame from the previous branch as the underlying state. Second, the estimated transformation between each spatial pair previously found is assessed. Mosaicing is performed based only on the pairs of frames for which the registration is considered successful. We tested our method on 3 spiral video sequences of endomicroscopic images each including more than 200 frames: a printed grid, an ex vivo tissue sample and an in vivo animal trial. Reconstruction results were statistically significantly improved compared to reconstruction where only registration between successive frames was used.
Les fièvres hémorragiques à virus Lassa (LASV) et Ebola (EBOV) représentent un important problème de santé publique en Afrique. Les réponses immunes et la pathogenèse associées à ces maladies sont peu connues. Les cellules NK ont un rôle important dans la réponse immune innée par leurs propriétés cytotoxiques, mais également dans l'induction des réponses adaptatives par leur production de cytokines et leurs interactions avec les cellules dendritiques (DC) et les macrophages. Ce projet s'attache à comprendre le rôle des cellules NK dans le contrôle de la réplication virale et dans l'induction des réponses immunitaires au cours de ces infections. Un modèle in vitro de coculture de cellules NK humaines avec des DC et macrophages autologues a été développé. L'activation des cellules NK et leurs fonctions ont été analysées après l'infection par LASV et EBOV. Par ailleurs, les réponses des cellules NK en réponse à LASV ont été comparées avec celles induites lors de l'infection par le virus Mopeia (MOPV), très proche de LASV mais non pathogène pour l'homme. Les macrophages, mais pas les DC, infectés par LASV ou MOPV induisent l'activation et l'augmentation des capacités cytotoxiques des cellules NK. Toutefois, les cellules NK ne sont pas capables de lyser les cellules infectées et ne produisent pas d'IFN-γ. Les cellules NK s'activent et sont capables de lyser les cellules infectées en présence de macrophages mais également de DC infectés par des LASV mutants. Cependant, les IFN de type I sécrétés en grande quantité en réponse à ces virus ne sont pas impliqués dans l'activation des cellules NK. L'infection par EBOV n'induit qu'une très faible activation des cellules NK en présence de DC ou macrophages et ne conduit pas à la sécrétion de cytokines, ni à la modification du potentiel cytotoxique.Ces résultats permettent d'améliorer la compréhension des réponses immunes et des mécanismes de pathogenèse mis en place lors des fièvres hémorragiques Lassa et Ebola.
In most animal species, vision is mediated by compound eyes, which offer lower resolution than vertebrate single-lens eyes, but significantly larger fields of view with negligible distortion and spherical aberration, as well as high temporal resolution in a tiny package. Compound eyes are ideally suited for fast panoramic motion perception. Engineering a miniature artificial compound eye is challenging because it requires accurate alignment of photoreceptive and optical components on a curved surface. Here, we describe a unique design method for biomimetic compound eyes featuring a panoramic, undistorted field of view in a very thin package. The design consists of three planar layers of separately produced arrays, namely, a microlens array, a neuromorphic photodetector array, and a flexible printed circuit board that are stacked, cut, and curved to produce a mechanically flexible imager. Following this method, we have prototyped and characterized an artificial compound eye bearing a hemispherical field of view with embedded and programmable low-power signal processing, high temporal resolution, and local adaptation to illumination. The prototyped artificial compound eye possesses several characteristics similar to the eye of the fruit fly Drosophila and other arthropod species. This design method opens up additional vistas for a broad range of applications in which wide field motion detection is at a premium, such as collision-free navigation of terrestrial and aerospace vehicles, and for the experimental testing of insect vision theories.
La QPC du 20 avril 2012 a amené le Conseil constitutionnel à clarifier les statuts des différents régimes de soins sous contrainte créés par la loi du 5 juillet 2011, en donnant ainsi une véritable cohérence au système. Il fait ressortir la gradation de la contrainte pesant sur le patient par le biais de deux leviers : la différence de degré de contrôle judiciaire sur chacun des deux régimes et le recueil de l'avis du patient, cette démarche devant marquer le caractère plus libéral de la mesure dite de " programme de soins". Mais, à l'analyse juridique, la décision reste décevante : les Sages ont validé des mesures qui laissent prise à une instrumentalisation quotidienne de la loi, érigeant comme seul point d'appui à leur décision un droit théorique et virtuel au détriment du droit vécu, celui réellement appliqué par les praticiens. C'est pourtant précisément dans la distance séparant l'un de l'autre que se mesure la véritable effectivité du droit, cette dernière n'ayant de sens que si elle s'opère dans l'esprit de la loi, sans instrumentalisation ni dérive.
In this work, we develop a method of adaptive nonparametric estimation, based on "warped" kernels. The aim is to estimate a real-valued function $s$ from a sample of random couples $(X,Y)$. We deal with transformed data $(\Phi(X),Y)$, with $\Phi$ a one-to-one function, to build a collection of kernel estimators. The data-driven selection of the best bandwidth is done with a method inspired by Goldenshluger and Lepski~(2011). The method permits to handle various problems such as additive and multiplicative regression, conditional density estimation, hazard rate estimation based on randomly right censored data, and cumulative distribution function estimation from current-status data. The interest is threefold. First, the squared-bias/variance trade-off is automatically realized. Next, non-asymptotic risk bounds are derived. Last, the estimator is easily computed thanks to its simple expression: a short simulation study is presented.
The estimation of the concentration of an infectious agent in the environment is a key step to trigger an alert when there is a bio- logical threat. This concentration can be obtained trough a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Nevertheless, standard real-time pro- cedure do not address detection delay which is a main concern in alert triggering. Therefore, we propose a method based on Lasso regression and CUSUM change detection to accurately estimate the concentration while minimizing the detection delay. The trade-off between accuracy and delay can be managed through a parameter. We compare our results with those found by a standard method (threshold method) and promising results are obtained.
High-throughput sequencing is now regularly used for studies of the transcriptome (RNA-seq), particularly for comparisons among experimental conditions. For the time being, a limited number of biological replicates are typically considered in such experiments, leading to low detection power for differential expression. As their cost continues to decrease, it is likely that additional follow-up studies will be conducted to re-address the same biological question. We demonstrate how p-value combination techniques previously used for microarray meta-analyses can be used for the differential analysis of RNA-seq data from multiple related studies. These techniques are compared to a negative binomial generalized linear model (GLM) including a fixed study effect on simulated data and real data on human melanoma cell lines. The GLM with fixed study effect performed well for low inter-study variation and small numbers of studies, but was outperformed by the meta-analysis methods for moderate to large inter-study variability and larger numbers of studies. To conclude, the p-value combination techniques illustrated here are a valuable tool to perform differential meta-analyses of RNA-seq data by appropriately accounting for biological and technical variability within studies as well as additional study-specific effects. An R package metaRNASeq is available on the R Forge.
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