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L'abaissement de la température de fonctionnement des SOFC vers 600-750°C est un impératif incontournable pour en augmenter la durée de vie et permettre l'utilisation d'interconnecteurs moins onéreux. Cependant, ceci s'accompagne d'une incrémentation de la chute ohmique de l'électrolyte et des surtensions aux électrodes et, par conséquent, la diminution des performances électrochimiques de la pile. Différentes solutions sont à explorer : substituer l'électrolyte, diminuer la résistance de l'électrolyte usuel en réduisant son épaisseur (<5 µm) et, de toute façon, en améliorant les réactions aux interfaces par adjonction de couches minces fonctionnelles. D'une part, cette étude analyse différentes approches d'élaboration de couches minces de CeO2 et de cérine dopée, dont le rôle est avéré, notamment au niveau de l'oxydation à l'anode : le dépôt par couches atomiques, ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition), et le dépôt chimique en solution CBD (Chemical Bath Deposition) ont été explorés. D'autre part, l'exploitation d'un nouveau matériau composite (cérine dopée au gadolinium et Li2CO3-K2CO3 à l'état fondu) est analysée en tant que matériau d'électrolyte pour les SOFC. Finalement, les propriétés électrochimiques de ces électrolytes, combinés à des couches minces de cérine et de cérine dopée préparées par ALD, sont étudiées en particulier en conditions anodiques. Le but global est d'explorer le rôle des couches minces et de nouveaux électrolytes prometteurs, essentiellement dans les conditions anodiques des SOFC.
Molecules being often described using a graph representation, graph kernels provide an interesting framework which allows to combine machine learning and graph theory in order to predict molecule's properties. However, some of these properties are induced both by relationships between the atoms of a molecule and by constraints on the relative positioning of these atoms. Graph kernels based solely on the graph representation of a molecule do not encode this relative positioning of atoms and are consequently unable to predict accurately some molecule's properties. This paper presents a new method which incorporates spatial constraints into the graph kernel framework in order to overcome this limitation.
Pour répondre aux problématiques d'usure précoce des pièces mécaniques causée par des pressions et températures élevées d'utilisation, des nanolubrifiants constitués de nanocarbones fluorés, connus pour leurs faibles coefficients de frottement et haute stabilité thermique ont été synthétisés. Pour améliorer ces propriétés, des précurseurs nanocarbonés de dimensionnalités différentes, et des procédés de synthèse gaz-solide variés ont été employés. Ainsi, une structure fermée comme les nanofibres de carbone NFCs (1D, tubulaire), ouverte comme le mélange nanodisques / nanocônes de carbone NDCs (majoritairement 2D, discotique) et intermédiaire avec les noirs de carbone graphitisés NCGs (0D, sphérique) ont été fluorés, d'une part avec le fluor moléculaire gazeux et d'autre part avec le fluor atomique produit par décomposition thermique d'un agent solide. Les mécanismes de fluoration / défluoration ont été proposés à l'aide de différentes techniques de caractérisation complémentaires (RMN du solide, MEB, MET, AFM, DRX) pour l'ensemble des matrices étudiées. Des matériaux présentant un gain de stabilité thermique de plusieurs dizaines de degrés comparativement aux matériaux fluorés de la littérature ont été élaborés, et une nouvelle méthode de synthèse dite " fluoration flash " a été mise au point pour étendre encore cette tenue en température. Les bonnes propriétés tribologiques de ces matériaux ont également été démontrées, notamment à 160°C et ceci quel que soit le mode de fluoration. Par la suite, des vernis à base de résines siliconées et chargés en nanofibres de carbone fluorées ont été formulés. Le revêtement composite présente une stabilité thermique supérieure à 400°C comme démontré par l'étude de son mécanisme de dégradation en température, notamment par couplage ATG-FTIR. D'un point de vue tribologique, les coefficients de frottement mesurés à température ambiante et 160°C sont inférieurs à 0,1 et les tribofilms obtenus ont été caractérisés par analyse MEB et EDX.
We present a mathematical study of the order book as a multidimensional continuous- time Markov chain where the order ow is modeled by independent Poisson processes. Our aim is to bridge the gap between the microscopic description of price formation (agent- based modeling), and the Stochastic Di erential Equations approach used classically to describe price evolution at macroscopic time scales. To do this, we rely on the theory of in nitesimal generators and Foster-Lyapunov stability criteria for Markov chains. We motivate our approach using an elementary example where the spread is kept constant (\perfect market making"). Then we compute the in nitesimal generator associated with the order book in a general setting, and link the price dynamics to the instantaneous state of the order book. In the last section, we prove that the order book is ergodic| in particular it has a stationary distribution|that it converges to its stationary state exponentially fast, and that the large-scale limit of the price process is a Brownian motion.
In this paper, we consider a discrete time economy where we assume that the short term interest rate follows a quadratic term structure of a regime switching asset process. The possible non-linear structure and the fact that the interest rate can have different economic or financial trends justify the interest of Regime Switching Quadratic Term Structure Model (RS-QTSM). Indeed, this regime switching process depends on the values of a Markov chain with a time dependent transition probability matrix which can well captures the different states (regimes) of the economy. We prove that under this modelling that the conditional zero coupon bond price admits also a quadratic term structure. Moreover, the stochastic coefficients which appear in this decomposition satisfy an explicit system of coupled stochastic backward recursions.
In this note, we cast a Hawkes process-based order book model into a markovian setting, and using techniques from the theory of Markov chains and stochastic stability [16], show that the order book is stable and leads to a di usive price limit at large time scales.
Molecules being often described using a graph representation, graph kernels provide an interesting framework which allows to combine machine learning and graph theory in order to predict molecule's properties. However, some of these properties are induced both by relationships between the atoms of a molecule and by constraints on the relative positioning of these atoms. Graph kernels based solely on the graph representation of a molecule do not encode this relative positioning of atoms and are consequently unable to predict accurately some molecule's properties. This paper presents a new method which incorporates spatial constraints into the graph kernel framework in order to overcome this limitation.
We introduce new objects, the interval-posets, that encode intervals of the Tamari lattice. We then find a combinatorial interpretation of the bilinear form that appears in the functional equation of Tamari intervals described by Chapoton. Thus, we retrieve this functional equation and prove that the polynomial recursively computed from the bilinear form on each tree $T$ counts the number of trees smaller than $T$ in the Tamari order.
We give a combinatorial interpretation of a Pieri formula for double Grothendieck polynomials in terms of an interval of the Bruhat order. Another description had been given by Lenart and Postnikov in terms of chain enumerations. We use Lascoux's interpretation of a product of Grothendieck polynomials as a product of two kinds of generators of the 0-Hecke algebra, or sorting operators. In this way we obtain a direct proof of the result of Lenart and Postnikov and then prove that the set of permutations occuring in the result is actually an interval of the Bruhat order.
We introduce new objects, the interval-posets, that encode intervals of the Tamari lattice. We then find a combinatorial interpretation of the bilinear form that appears in the functional equation of Tamari intervals described by Chapoton. Thus, we retrieve this functional equation and prove that the polynomial recursively computed from the bilinear form on each tree $T$ counts the number of trees smaller than $T$ in the Tamari order.
We give a combinatorial interpretation of a Pieri formula for double Grothendieck polynomials in terms of an interval of the Bruhat order. Another description had been given by Lenart and Postnikov in terms of chain enumerations. We use Lascoux's interpretation of a product of Grothendieck polynomials as a product of two kinds of generators of the 0-Hecke algebra, or sorting operators. In this way we obtain a direct proof of the result of Lenart and Postnikov and then prove that the set of permutations occuring in the result is actually an interval of the Bruhat order.
We have developed a patch implementing multivariate polynomials seen as a multi-base algebra. The patch is to be released into the software Sage and can already be found within the Sage-Combinat distribution. One can use our patch to define a polynomial in a set of indexed variables and expand it into a linear basis of the multivariate polynomials. So far, we have the Schubert polynomials, the Key polynomials of types A, B, C, or D, the Grothendieck polynomials and the non-symmetric Macdonald polynomials. One can also use a double set of variables and work with specific double-linear bases like the double Schubert polynomials or double Grothendieck polynomials. Our implementation is based on a definition of the basis using divided difference operators and one can also define new bases using these operators.
A Local/Global non-intrusive coupling algorithm is proposed for the analysis of mixed-mode crack propagation. It is based on a three scale multigrid and extended finite element method, that was proposed recently for the direct estimation of stress intensity factors of static cracks. The algorithm couples a linear elastic global model (possibly performed by a industrial software) with an enhanced local model capable of modeling a crack and accurately estimating SIFs (performed by a separate research code). It is said non-intrusive since it does not modify the global mesh, its connectivity and solver. For the global model, the contribution of the local patch consists in additional nodal efforts near the crack, which makes it compatible with most softwares. Further the shape of the domain over which the local model is applied is automatically adapted during propagation.
It was shown in [1], cited in the sequel as DRHM, that upon a correct use of the respective statistical data, the celebrated Bell inequalities cannot be violated by quantum systems. This paper presents in more detail the surprisingly elementary, even if rather subtle related basic argument in DRHM, and does so together with a few comments which, hopefully, may further facilitate its wider understanding.
Despite remarkable accomplishment, the classical hydrodynamic stability theory fails to predict transition in wall-bounded shear ow. The shortcoming of this modal approach was found 20 years ago and is linked to the non-orthogonality of the eigenmodes of the linearised problem, de noted by the Orr Sommerfeld and Squire equations. The associated eigenmodes of this linearised problem are the normal velocity and the normal vorticity eigenmodes, which are not dimensionally homogeneous quantities. Thus non-orthogonality condition between these two families of eigenmodes have not been clearly demonstrated yet. Using an orthogonal decomposition of solenoidal velocity fields, a velocity perturbation is expressed as an L2 orthogonal sum of an OrrSommerfeld velocity field (function of the perturbation normal velocity) and a Squirevelocity field (function of the perturbation normal vorticity). Using this decomposition,a variational formulation of the linearised problem is written, that is equivalent to the Orr Sommerfeld and Squire equations, but whose eigenmodes consist of two families of velocity eigenmodes (thus dimensionally homogeneous). We demonstrate that these two sets are non-orthogonal and linear combination between them can produce large transient growth. Using this new formulation, the link between optimal mode and continuous mode transition will also be clari fied, as the role of direct resonance. Numerical solutions are presented to illustrate the analysis in the case of thin boundary layers developing between two parallel walls at large Reynolds number. Characterisations of the destabilizing perturbations will be given in that case.
Fully dynamic numerical simulations have been designed in order to asses how the orientation of mechanical layering in rocks controls the orientation of shear bands and the depth of penetration of strain in the footwall of detachment zones. Two parametric studies are presented. In the first one, the influence of stratification orientation on the occurrence and mode of strain localisation is tested. The second parametric study shows that results are length-scale independent and that orientation of shear bands is not sensitive to the viscosity contrast or the strain rate. Based on the results, a conceptual model for strain localisation under detachment faults is presented. In the early stages, strain localisation occurs at slow rates by viscous shear instabilities but as the layered media is exhumed, the temperature drops and the strong layers start yielding plastically, forming shear bands and localising strain at the top of the shear zone. Once strain localisation has occured, the deformation in the shear band becomes extremely penetrative but the strength cannot drop since the shear zone has a finite thickness.
Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais, quanto ao seu teor e qualidade dos fenóis da lignina, em dois sistemas lacustres distintos: a Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái (PA) e o Lago do Caçó (MA). A Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái é localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, aproximadamente 850 km da foz e é caracterizada pela presença de lagos de águas brancas e pretas. O Lago do Caçó está localizado no Maranhão, na borda do ecossistema amazônico. Foram realizadas análises da concentração de lignina (λ), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio e isótopos do carbono (δ13C). Os resultados indicam que os sedimentos superficias de lagos de águas brancas apresentam baixos valores de COT (1,5 a 3,6%), baixa concentração de λ (0,73 a 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) e alto índice de degradação (0,29 a 2,01). Os sedimentos superficiais de lagos de águas pretas apresentam maiores valores de COT (6,0 a 12,1%) e de λ (1,44 a 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) em relação aos sedimentos de lagos de águas brancas, porém baixos em comparação com os sedimentos do Lago do Caçó (7,2 ~ 15,3% e 1,83 ~ 4,64 mg .100mg CO-1, respectivamente). Através das análises realizadas foi possível identificar diferentes contribuições de fontes assim como diferentes estados de preservação da matéria orgânica sedimentada nos dois sistemas apresentados.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição da matéria orgânica (MO) através de análises elementares, isotópicas e moleculares em dois testemunhos coletados na Lagoa do Caçó que registram os últimos 20.000 cal yrs BP e testar o potencial de ferramentas da geoquímica molecular no estudo paleoambiental. A Lagoa do Caçó é localizada no Maranhão numa área influenciada pelo deslocamento sazonal da zona de convergência intertropical (ZCIT). Os resultados e interpretações obtidos a partir da geoquímica orgânica durante o tardi-glacial evidenciaram a importância da abordagem multiparamétrica e corroboram os trabalhos prévios validando o uso dos fenóis da lignina e dos pigmentos sedimentares como ferramentas na interpretação paleoambiental em zona tropical. Foi possível identifcar três diferentes Fases holocênicas jamais mostradas em trabalhos precedentes destacando o potencial destes biomarcadores.
An improved Lozi function with alternate coefficients has been proposed. The modifications in the model allow to remove the holes in the attractor which are not desirable, but appeared in the previous Lozi function; in this way, an everywhere dense attractor can be obtained. Moreover, the strong sensitivity to the type of binarisation (conversion of real values to 0 and 1) has been demonstrated; this conversion to binary numbers is instrumental to apply the NIST tests for randomness. The results have been validated and compared via NIST tests, for the different methods of quantization. Finally, is has been verfied that the multi-random properties of the output signal have been improved thanks to the following strategies : under-sampling of the output signal, and the system order increasing. Keywords. Nonlinear dynamical system, ring-coupled map, Lozi function, NIST tests, discrete-time map, dense chaotic attractor, pseudo random number generator 1 I
The extreme characteristics of long wave run-up are studied in this paper. First we give a brief overview of the existing theory which is mainly based on the hodograph transformation (Carrier & Greenspan, 1958). Then, using numerical simulations, we build on the work of Stefanakis et al. (2011) for an infinite sloping beach and we find that resonant run-up amplification of monochromatic waves is robust to spectral perturbations of the incoming wave and resonant regimes do exist for certain values of the frequency. In the setting of a finite beach attached to a constant depth region, resonance can only be observed when the incoming wavelength is larger than the distance from the undisturbed shoreline to the seaward boundary. Wavefront steepness is also found to play a role in wave run-up, with steeper waves reaching higher run-up values.
The water wave theory traditionally assumes the fluid to be perfect, thus neglecting all effects of the viscosity. However, the explanation of several experimental data sets requires the explicit inclusion of dissipative effects. In order to meet these practical problems, the theory of visco-potential flows has been developed (see P.-F. Liu & A. Orfila (2004) and D. Dutykh & F. Dias (2007)). Then, usually this formulation is further simplified by developing the potential in an entire series in the vertical coordinate and by introducing thus, the long wave approximation. In the present study we propose a derivation of dissipative Boussinesq equations which is based on asymptotic expansions of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (D2N) operator. Both employed methods yield the same system by different ways.
Les tâches d'empan de mémoire de travail sont des tâches dans lesquelles des items doivent être maintenus en mémoire à court terme pendant qu'un traitement concurrent est effectué. Le but de la présente étude était de déterminer si, comme le soutient le modèle de partage temporel des ressources (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004), les traitements gênent le maintien parce que les deux composantes entrent en compétition pour des processus communs ou plus simplement parce que les stratégies de maintien des items à rappeler sont perturbées par l'intrusion de l'information à traiter simultanément. Quatre-vingt sujets adultes étaient soumis à une tâche d'empan où ils devaient maintenir des lettres en même temps qu'ils devaient juger soit de la parité soit de la position spatiale de nombre présentés successivement à l'écran. Par ailleurs, ces nombres apparaissaient à un rythme régulier et donc prévisible ou bien aléatoire. Conformément à nos attentes, et contrairement à l'hypothèse d'une perturbation des stratégies de maintien, les jugements de parité qui nécessitent des récupérations en mémoire entraînaient de plus faibles empans que la tâche spatiale qui ne requiert qu'une sélection de réponse alors que le rythme de réalisation de la tâche secondaire n'avait pas d'effet sur les empans.
The functional organization of the PFC from anterior to posterior regions reflects a hierarchy of cognitive control whereby progressively anterior sub-regions are associated with higher-order control. The present study aimed at providing behavioral evidence for two predictions issuing from this cascade model. First, even the lower-most sub-part of the cognitive control hierarchy, i.e. motor programming, should interfere with higher controlled processes such as maintenance in working memory. Second, this effect should be commensurate with the time during which control is required. In a computer-paced complex span task, adults had to maintain letters while they performed a secondary task. The demand imposed by this task was manipulated either at the selection or at the motor programming stage of response preparation. Results revealed that both manipulations have a disruptive effect on verbal memory, and that this effect is commensurate with the extra-time during which response selection and motor programming require cognitive control.
Memorizing is crucial for human beings because it constitutes the fundamental step in acquiring knowledge. Among the different memory systems, the one called "working memory" works continuously to simultaneously memorize and process information. It is particularly important in children who are continually confronted to learning situations. It has long been considered that memorizing required verbalizing and repeating. The present paper offers an alternative conception: working memory relies on attentional mechanisms constrained by time and do not depend on verbal characteristics. The empirical analyses we present here do not only conduct to important theoretical conclusions, they also give a glimpse of practical applications for preventing school failure.
Este estudo tem por objetivo caracterizar os sedimentos superficiais, quanto ao seu teor e qualidade dos fenóis da lignina, em dois sistemas lacustres distintos: a Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái (PA) e o Lago do Caçó (MA). A Várzea do Lago Grande Curuái é localizada na margem direita do Rio Amazonas, aproximadamente 850 km da foz e é caracterizada pela presença de lagos de águas brancas e pretas. O Lago do Caçó está localizado no Maranhão, na borda do ecossistema amazônico. Foram realizadas análises da concentração de lignina (λ), carbono orgânico total (COT), nitrogênio e isótopos do carbono (δ13C). Os resultados indicam que os sedimentos superficias de lagos de águas brancas apresentam baixos valores de COT (1,5 a 3,6%), baixa concentração de λ (0,73 a 1,28 mg.100mg CO-1) e alto índice de degradação (0,29 a 2,01). Os sedimentos superficiais de lagos de águas pretas apresentam maiores valores de COT (6,0 a 12,1%) e de λ (1,44 a 1,93 mg.100mg CO-1) em relação aos sedimentos de lagos de águas brancas, porém baixos em comparação com os sedimentos do Lago do Caçó (7,2 ~ 15,3% e 1,83 ~ 4,64 mg .100mg CO-1, respectivamente). Através das análises realizadas foi possível identificar diferentes contribuições de fontes assim como diferentes estados de preservação da matéria orgânica sedimentada nos dois sistemas apresentados.
Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição da matéria orgânica (MO) através de análises elementares, isotópicas e moleculares em dois testemunhos coletados na Lagoa do Caçó que registram os últimos 20.000 cal yrs BP e testar o potencial de ferramentas da geoquímica molecular no estudo paleoambiental. A Lagoa do Caçó é localizada no Maranhão numa área influenciada pelo deslocamento sazonal da zona de convergência intertropical (ZCIT). Os resultados e interpretações obtidos a partir da geoquímica orgânica durante o tardi-glacial evidenciaram a importância da abordagem multiparamétrica e corroboram os trabalhos prévios validando o uso dos fenóis da lignina e dos pigmentos sedimentares como ferramentas na interpretação paleoambiental em zona tropical. Foi possível identifcar três diferentes Fases holocênicas jamais mostradas em trabalhos precedentes destacando o potencial destes biomarcadores.
Nuées ardentes associated with dome collapse on 22 November 1994, at Merapi volcano traveled to the south-southwest as far as 6.5 km, and collectively accumulated roughly 2.5-3 million cubic meters of deposits. The damaged area comprises 9.5 km2 and is covered by two nuée ardente facies, a conventional "Merapi-type", valley-fill block-and-ash flow facies and a pyroclastic surge facies. The proximal deposits reflect the accumulation of dozens of nuées ardentes, with many subsidiary flow units. The distal deposits are more simply organized, as only a few individual events reached to distances >3.5 km. The stratigraphic relationships north of Turgo hill indicate that the surge deposits are a facies of particularly mobile nuées ardentes that also deposited channeled block-and-ash flow facies. They further suggest that the surge facies beyond the channel margins correlate laterally with a finer-grained sublayer locally developed at the base of the block-and-ash flow facies. Eyewitness reports suggest that the emplacement of the block-and-ash flow facies in the distal part of the Boyong river may have followed, by a short time interval, the destruction and deposition of the surge facies at Turgo village. The stratigraphy is in accord with the eyewitness reports. The surge facies was emplaced by a dilute surge current, detached from the same dome-collapse nuée ardente that, as a separate flow unit, subsequently emplaced the distal block-and-ash deposit in the Boyong valley. The detachment occurred at higher elevations, likely at or above the slope break at about 2000 m elevation. This flow separation enabled the surge current to shortcut over the landscape and to emplace its deposit even as the block-and-ash flow continued its tortuous southward movement in the Boyong channel. Dome-collapse nuée ardente activity formed the bulk of the eruption, which was accompanied by virtually no significant vertical summit explosive activity.
La thèse étudie un paradoxe apparent, à savoir l'évolution des politiques indiennes à l'égard du travail des enfants de démarches " régulationnistes " vers des stratégies abolitionnistes alors même que ces démarches sont critiquées pour leur inefficacité. La démarche adoptée articule l'approche segmentationniste à la démarche régulationniste de l'Etat. La première permet d'identifier le développement rural comme le cœur de la question sociale. La seconde étudie la synchronie de la dynamique des politiques publiques aux exigences de la question sociale. La généralisation des politiques abolitionnistes est interprétée comme un mécanisme supposé nécessaire à la construction des structures sociales nécessaires à la dynamique économique des zones rurales. Or, le tropisme moderniste des formations éducatives proposées nourrit la désarticulation des cursus aux besoins socioéconomiques ruraux. Ce faisant, les politiques abolitionnistes ne favorisent pas la dynamique des zones rurales ; pis encore, elles participent de l'accroissement tendanciel de la segmentation économique indienne. Partant de ce résultat intermédiaire, la thèse nourrit une analyse en termes de modernisation de l'Etat indien. Les politiques abolitionnistes sont alors entendues comme un corollaire à la construction d'une économie capitaliste. En accroissant la segmentation de l'économie, la modernité indienne dérégule le système socioéconomique. Les contestations politiques grandissantes témoignent de l'instabilité de la trajectoire politique indienne.
Le séminaire GRANIT " Cartographie & Participation " (UMR ADES, Bordeaux 22/23 octobre 2012) s'est appuyé sur la dialogique " encapacitation citoyenne / assimilation par la technique " pour interroger les processus collaboratifs de production de représentations spatiales. Dans cette contribution post-séminaire, nous souhaiterions désormais poser la question des apports et limites du cadre théorique offert par la cartographie critique pour analyser l'écosystème des données géographiques en libre accès. Une réflexion critique semble en effet nécessaire pour évaluer l'impact du saut quantitatif qu'induit la libération de ces grandes masses de données, pour envisager les formes d'appropriation citoyenne qui peuvent en résulter mais aussi pour analyser les tournants disciplinaires et épistémologiques qu'elles peuvent entrainer.
Une revue des principaux modèles de la Conscience de la Situation dégage deux points de vue : * Issue de la psychologie ergonomique, la "vue du sujet" identifie la Conscience de la Situation à une représentation fonctionnelle dont la construction renvoie à un critère de pertinence pragmatique. Par anticipation partielle du contexte et pré-activation d'invariants internes, la Conscience de la Situation favorise l'inscription de l'activité dans la dynamique de l'environnement. * Issue de l'ingénierie et de la psychologie écologique, la "vue de l'environnement" renverse la perspective en associant la Conscience de la Situation aux invariants externes du couplage sujet/environnement, notion élaborée à partir des affordances de la psychologie écologique. Son objet principal n'est donc pas tant la situation que les interactions possibles en situation. L'enjeu de notre recherche est l'étude du couplage entre ces deux approches, l'objectif applicatif sous-jacent étant l'utilisation des invariants externes en tant qu'extension représentationnelle de l'environnement afin de faciliter l'adaptation des opérateurs aux environnements dynamiques.
Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un vaste programme visant à établir un premier retour d'expérience sur des structures aéronautiques en fin de vie. L'objectif des travaux présentés ici est donc de caractériser le vieillissement et les propriétés résiduelles de pièces provenant d'avions après démantèlement, et donc après service. Plus précisément, deux matériaux de nature différente sont considérés : un alliage d'aluminium 2024-T351, constitutif d'une voilure d'A320 ; et un composite carbone/époxy T300/914, prélevé sur les voilures d'un Falcon X et d'un ATR.Pour les voilures composites, les travaux ont porté sur les effets de l'eau des stratifiés. L'évolution de la température de transition vitreuse en DMA a été étudiée en fonction du taux d'humidité présente dans le stratifié. Les résultats d'essais de sorption set de désorption ont été confrontés à différents modèles de diffusion. Les propriétés résiduelles ont été évaluée au travers de divers essais mécaniques. Il ressort de cette étude un très bon comportement du composite après service.Les travaux concernant la voilure métallique se focalisent sur les propriétés résiduelles en fatigue de l'alliage de voilure. Les résultats montrent qu'un durcissement structural apparaît en service, et qu'un léger abattement de la durée de vie en fatigue est observable. Cependant, le comportement à la fissuration est inchangé en comparaison avec un matériau " neuf ".Au final, ce premier retour d'expérience est positif. Il peut maintenant permettre aux avionneurs de vérifier les règles utilisées lors de la conception ou d'optimiser certains dimensionnements, mais aussi de justifier des extensions de durée de vie des avions.
An optimized giant magneto-impedance effect magnetometer has been developed, based upon an overall analysis of the measurement chain, including physical material properties, associated detection coil parameters, and equivalent magnetic noise performances. The field response model for the sensing element and the noise model yield good agreement with experimental results. The noise performance of the magnetometer, approximately 1.7pT/√Hz in the white noise region, with a band-pass of about 70kHz, is competitive with that of other technologies. Present limitations are clearly established, leaving room for further improvements.
Considering the viscoelastic behavior of polymer foams a new plate theory based on the direct approach is introduced and applied to plates composed of functionally graded materials (FGM). The governing two-dimensional equations are formulated for a deformable surface, the viscoelastic stiffness parameters are identified assuming linear-viscoelastic material behavior. The material properties are changing in the thickness direction. Solving some problems of the global structural analysis it will be demonstrated that in some cases the results significantly differ from the results based on the Kirchhoff-type theory.
Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms that have a broad spectrum of biological activities and pharmaceutical applications (e.g., antibiotic, immunomodulating, and antitumor activities). One particularity of the NRPs is the biodiversity of their monomers, extending far beyond the 20 proteogenic amino acid residues. Norine, a comprehensive database of NRPs, allowed us to review for the first time the main characteristics of the NRPs and especially their monomer biodiversity. Our analysis highlighted a significant similarity relationship between NRPs synthesized by bacteria and those isolated from metazoa, especially from sponges, supporting the hypothesis that some NRPs isolated from sponges are actually synthesized by symbiotic bacteria rather than by the sponges themselves. A comparison of peptide monomeric compositions as a function of biological activity showed that some monomers are specific to a class of activities. An analysis of the monomer compositions of peptide products predicted from genomic information (metagenomics and high-throughput genome sequencing) or of new peptides detected by mass spectrometry analysis applied to a culture supernatant can provide indications of the origin of a peptide and/or its biological activity.
Il y a une dizaine d'années, de nouvelles flavoenzymes nommées hydroxylases flavine-dépendantes à deux composants ont été identifiées chez certains microorganismes. Le rôle physiologique de ces enzymes est maintenant bien connu. Elles sont impliquées dans les processus de biosynthèse et de biodégradation d'une multitude de molécules organiques. Ces hydroxylases sont composées de deux enzymes distinctes. La première est une flavine réductase qui catalyse la formation de flavine réduite nécessaire au fonctionnement de la seconde enzyme, une monooxygénase flavine-dépendante. Au début de notre projet, le mécanisme enzymatique de ces nouvelles hydroxylases était encore inconnu. Pour comprendre le détail de leur fonctionnement, nous avons choisi d'étudier le système ActVA-ActVB, un nouveau membre de la famille des hydroxylases flavine-dépendantes impliqué dans la dernière étape de biosynthèse de l'actinorhodine, un antibiotique naturel synthétisé par Streptomyces coelicolor. La caractérisation préalable de ActVB avait permis de montrer que cette enzyme était une NADH:FMN oxydoréductase capable de catalyser la réduction du FMN par le NADH selon un mécanisme de type séquentiel ordonné. Nos résultats ont permis d'identifier ActVA-Orf5, une monooxygénase flavine-dépendante capable d'utiliser la flavine réduite fournie par ActVB pour catalyser l'hydroxylation du précurseur de l'actinorhodine, la DHK. Le mécanisme de transfert de flavine entre les deux protéines a été étudié. Pour cela, les constantes de dissociation du FMNox et FMNred vis-à-vis de ActVA et ActVB ont été déterminées. Nos donnés montrent clairement qu'à l'état réduit, la flavine est bien plus affine pour la monooxygénase ActVA que pour la réductase ActVB alors qu'à l'état oxydé, elle possède une meilleure affinité pour la réductase que pour la monooxygénase. Cette différence d'affinité permet d'orienter le transfert de flavine d'une protéine à l'autre sans nécessiter d'interaction entre les deux protéines. Nous avons montré de plus que ActVA avait la capacité de stabiliser un intermédiaire activé de l'oxygène, une espèce électrophile nommée C(4a)-hydroperoxyflavine, au sein de son site actif. Cet intermédiaire réagit très rapidement avec la DHK nucléophile pour former son analogue hydroxylé : la DHK-OH. En accord avec ce mécanisme, il semble que le pouvoir nucléophile du substrat est très important pour cette réaction car seule la forme réduite à deux électrons de DHK (hydroquinone) est hydroxylée. D'autre part, ActVA ne semble pas être très spécifique car elle parvient également à catalyser l'hydroxylation de l'énantiomère de la DHK, la NNM-A et de l'analogue lactonique de la NNM-A, la NNM-D. Finalement le système ActVA-ActVB n'a pas la capacité de dimériser la DHK-OH pour former l'actinorhodine et l'enzyme intervenant dans la dernière étape de cette biosynthèse reste à identifier.
Compressed sensing (CS) is a theory which guarantees the exact recovery of sparse signals from a few number of linear projections. The sampling schemes suggested by current CS theories are often of little relevance since they cannot be implemented on practical acquisition systems. In this paper, we study a new random sampling approach that consists in selecting a set of blocks that are predefined by the application of interest. A typical example is the case where the blocks consist in horizontal lines in the 2D Fourier plane. We provide theoretical results on the number of blocks that are required for exact sparse signal reconstruction in a noise free setting. We illustrate this theory for various sensing matrices appearing in applications such as time-frequency bases. A typical result states that it is sufficient to acquire no more than $O\left( s \ln^2(n) \right)$ lines in the 2D Fourier domain for the perfect reconstruction of an $s$-sparse image of size $\sqrt{n} \times \sqrt{n}$ . The proposed results have a large number of potential applications in systems such as magnetic resonance imaging, radio-interferometry or ultra-sound imaging.
Wavelet analysis has been found to be a powerful tool for the nonparametric estimation of spatially-variable objects. We discuss in detail wavelet methods in nonparametric regression, where the data are modelled as observations of a signal contaminated with additive Gaussian noise, and provide an extensive review of the vast literature of wavelet shrinkage and wavelet thresholding estimators developed to denoise such data. These estimators arise from a wide range of classical and empirical Bayes methods treating either individual or blocks of wavelet coefficients. We compare various estimators in an extensive simulation study on a variety of sample sizes, test functions, signal-to-noise ratios and wavelet filters. Because there is no single criterion that can adequately summarise the behaviour of an estimator, we use various criteria to measure performance in finite sample situations. Insight into the performance of these estimators is obtained from graphical outputs and numerical tables. In order to provide some hints of how these estimators should be used to analyse real data sets, a detailed practical step-by-step illustration of a wavelet denoising analysis on electrical consumption is provided. Matlab codes are provided so that all figures and tables in this paper can be reproduced.
This paper is concerned with the problem of the alignment of multiple sets of curves. We analyze two real examples arising from the biomedical area for which we need to test whether there are any statistically significant differences between two subsets of subjects. To synchronize a set of curves, we propose a new nonparametric landmark-based registration method based on the alignment of the structural intensity of the zero-crossings of a wavelet transform. The structural intensity is a multiscale technique recently proposed by Bigot (2003, 2005) which highlights the main features of a signal observed with noise. We conduct a simulation study to compare our landmark-based registration approach with some existing methods for curve alignment. For the two real examples, we compare the registered curves with FANOVA techniques, and a detailed analysis of the warping functions is provided.
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