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L'objectif de cette thèse est de concevoir une chimiothèque à partir de synthons C-glycosidiques. Les composés obtenus sont destinés à l'identification de modulateurs de l'activité des protéines pour comprendre leur rôle dans les mécanismes cellulaires. Pour réaliser ce travail, nous nous sommes basés sur le concept de la Synthèse Orientée vers la Diversité (SOD) pour générer une collection de molécules par des réactions à plusieurs composants. A partir de glycals peracétylés, nous avons préparés les C-glycosides de départ qui portent une fonction aldéhyde sur l'aglycone. Nous avons montré qu'il était possible de synthétiser ces produits en irradiant le milieu réactionnel par les micro-ondes. Puis ces synthons ont été traité par une amine et un alcyne ce qui a permis de générer une série de propargylamines. Parmi les propargylamines synthétiseés nous avons pu montrer que la L-proline avait une activité auto catalytique et qu'elles conduisaient a une addition stéréosélective de l'alcyne sur l'iminium intermédiaire. Nous avons alors utilisé cette propriété pour combiner la réaction à 3 composants avec la chimie click pour obtenir en quatre étapes une banque de 40 C-glycosides complexes hautement fonctionnalisées. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail nous avons mis à profit la présence d'un alcool allylique sur le cycle pyranne pour mettre au point une nouvelle réaction tandem, la réaction A3M. Ce nouveau procédé permet d'obtenir en une seul étape des pyridino pyrannes par une réaction à trois composants. Après oxydation de l'alcool en cétone, le C-glycoside est irradie par les micro ondes en présence d'une amine primaire, et d'une alcyne (couplage A3). Cette première réaction est suivie d'une addition de Michael intramoléculaire sur la double liaison activée pour donner stéréo sélectivement le composé bicyclique
We assess a variant of linear-response range-separated time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT), combining a long-range Hartree-Fock (HF) exchange kernel with a short-range adiabatic exchange-correlation kernel in the local-density approximation (LDA) for calculating isotropic C6 dispersion coefficients of homodimers of a number of closed-shell atoms and small molecules. This range-separated TDDFT tends to give underestimated C6 coefficients of small molecules with a mean absolute percentage error of about 5%, a slight improvement over standard TDDFT in the adiabatic LDA which tends to overestimate them with a mean absolute percentage error of 8%, but close to time-dependent Hartree-Fock which has a mean absolute percentage error of about 6%. These results thus show that introduction of long-range HF exchange in TDDFT has a small but beneficial impact on the values of C6 coefficients. It also confirms that the present variant of range-separated TDDFT is a reasonably accurate method even using only a LDA-type density functional and without adding an explicit treatment of long-range correlation.
A predictive model of the Falcon enhanced gravity separator has been derived from a physical analysis of its separation principle, and validated against experimental data. After summarizing the previous works that led to this model and the hypotheses on which they rely, the model is extended to cover a wide range of operating conditions and particle properties. The most significant development presented here is the extension of the analytical law to concentrated suspensions, which makes it applicable to actual plant operating conditions. Two examples of industrial use cases are described and studied by interrogation of the model: dredged sediment waste reduction and coal recovery from fine tailings. Comparisons with empirical studies available in the literature show a good agreement between model predictions and industrial data. The model is then used to identify separation efficiency limitations as well as possible solutions to overcome them. These two examples serve to show how this predictive model can be used to obtain valuable information to improve physical separation processes using a Falcon concentrator, or to evaluate Falcon separator's abilities for new applications.
We present a mathematical study of the order book as a multidimensional continuous- time Markov chain where the order ow is modeled by independent Poisson processes. Our aim is to bridge the gap between the microscopic description of price formation (agent- based modeling), and the Stochastic Di erential Equations approach used classically to describe price evolution at macroscopic time scales. To do this, we rely on the theory of in nitesimal generators and Foster-Lyapunov stability criteria for Markov chains. We motivate our approach using an elementary example where the spread is kept constant (\perfect market making"). Then we compute the in nitesimal generator associated with the order book in a general setting, and link the price dynamics to the instantaneous state of the order book. In the last section, we prove that the order book is ergodic| in particular it has a stationary distribution|that it converges to its stationary state exponentially fast, and that the large-scale limit of the price process is a Brownian motion.
In this paper, we consider a discrete time economy where we assume that the short term interest rate follows a quadratic term structure of a regime switching asset process. The possible non-linear structure and the fact that the interest rate can have different economic or financial trends justify the interest of Regime Switching Quadratic Term Structure Model (RS-QTSM). Indeed, this regime switching process depends on the values of a Markov chain with a time dependent transition probability matrix which can well captures the different states (regimes) of the economy. We prove that under this modelling that the conditional zero coupon bond price admits also a quadratic term structure. Moreover, the stochastic coefficients which appear in this decomposition satisfy an explicit system of coupled stochastic backward recursions.
In this note, we cast a Hawkes process-based order book model into a markovian setting, and using techniques from the theory of Markov chains and stochastic stability [16], show that the order book is stable and leads to a di usive price limit at large time scales.
In this work we study the framework of mathematical morphology on simplicial complex spaces. Simplicial complexes are a versatile and widely used structure to represent multidimensional data, such as meshes, that are tridimensional complexes, or graphs, that can be interpreted as bidimensional complexes. Mathematical morphology is one of the most powerful frameworks for image processing, including the processing of digital structures, and is heavily used for many applications. However, mathematical morphology operators on simplicial complex spaces is not a concept fully developped in the literature. In this work, we review some classical operators from simplicial complexes under the light of mathematical morphology, to show that they are morphology operators. We define some basic lattices and operators acting on these lattices: dilations, erosions, openings, closings and alternating sequential filters, including their extension to weighted simplexes. However, the main contributions of this work are what we called dimensional operators, small, versatile operators that can be used to define new operators on simplicial complexes, while mantaining properties from mathematical morphology. These operators can also be used to express virtually any operator from the literature. We illustrate all the defined operators and compare the alternating sequential filters against filters defined in the literature, where our filters show better results for removal of small, intense, noise from binary images
Nous présentons dans cet article une nouvelle approche de modélisation de l'expérience d'utilisation d'un système informatique, avec pour objectif de réutiliser cette expérience en contexte pour assister l'utilisateur à effectuer sa tâche. Le modèle se base sur la capture d'une trace d'utilisation conforme à un modèle d'utilisation général, lequel décrit les objets et les relations manipulés par l'utilisateur du système informatique visé. Cette trace primitive peut être considérée comme une base de connaissances neutre par rapport à la tâche, qui peut être analysée a posteriori à l'aide de signatures de tâche expliquées permettant d'y localiser des épisodes signifiants qui pourront être réutilisés par des assistants logiciels comme connaissances contextualisées. Quatre scénarios illustrent cette approche.
This work describes and evaluates a novel interactive visual clustering system. It combines a 2D projection with a clustering algorithm that operates on this projected data. Users can interact directly through the 2D representation, by providing examples according to their expert ground truth. Each interaction incrementally updates the 2D projection and the associated clustering. Experiments show the effectiveness of the method, with as few as one interaction leading to a tangible influence on the visualization.
In a complete Riemannian manifold, an embedded geodesic γ with finite length and negative Jacobi operator admits an r-neighborhood Nr(γ) with radius r > 0 small enough such that each couple of points of Nr(γ) can be joined by a unique geodesic contained in Nr(γ) where it minimizes length among the piecewise C1 paths joining its end points.
In a first part, we are interested in the behavior of a system of Stochastic PDEs with two time-scales- more precisely, we focus on the approximation of the slow component thanks to an efficient numerical scheme. We first prove an averaging principle, which states that the slow component converges to the solution of the so-called averaged equation. We then show that a numerical scheme of Euler type provides a good approximation of an unknown coefficient appearing in the averaged equation. Finally, we build and we analyze a discretization scheme based on the previous results, according to the HMM methodology (Heterogeneous Multiscale Method). We precise the orders of convergence with respect to the time-scale parameter and to the parameters of the numerical discretization- we study the convergence in a strong sense - approximation of the trajectories - and in a weak sense - approximation of the laws. In a second part, we study a method for approximating solutions of parabolic PDEs, which combines a semi-lagrangian approach and a Monte-Carlo discretization. We first show in a simplified situation that the variance depends on the discretization steps. We then provide numerical simulations of solutions, in order to show some possible applications of such a method.
We consider supervised learning problems within the positive-definite kernel framework, such as kernel ridge regression, kernel logistic regression or the support vector machine. With kernels leading to infinite-dimensional feature spaces, a common practical limiting difficulty is the necessity of computing the kernel matrix, which most frequently leads to algorithms with running time at least quadratic in the number of observations n, i.e., O(n^2). Low-rank approximations of the kernel matrix are often considered as they allow the reduction of running time complexities to O(p^2 n), where p is the rank of the approximation. The practicality of such methods thus depends on the required rank p. In this paper, we show that in the context of kernel ridge regression, for approximations based on a random subset of columns of the original kernel matrix, the rank p may be chosen to be linear in the degrees of freedom associated with the problem, a quantity which is classically used in the statistical analysis of such methods, and is often seen as the implicit number of parameters of non-parametric estimators. This result enables simple algorithms that have sub-quadratic running time complexity, but provably exhibit the same predictive performance than existing algorithms, for any given problem instance, and not only for worst-case situations.
The selective laser melting process (SLM), belonging to the family of additive manufacturing processes, can create complex geometry parts from a CAD file. Previously, only prototypes were created by SLM, but now this process is used to manufacture quickly and directly functional parts. For example, in the PEP (Centre Technique de la Plasturgie), this process is used to manufacture tooling parts or injection molds with cooling channels that can't be obtained by conventional routes. During the process, the laser beam generates violent heating and cooling cycles in the material inducing important thermal gradients in the consolidated part. The cyclic thermal expansions and contractions exceeding the maximum elastic strain of the material induce heterogeneous plastic strains and generate internal stresses the level of which can reaches the yield stress of the material and cracks may appear during the process. This paper deals with the measurement and analysis of residual stresses during the selective laser melting of a simple part in maraging steel. The objective of this study is the analysis of experimental results to validate the numerical model previously presented in [1]. A new method is proposed to evaluate the residual stresses induced during the SLM process, a rosette is fixed on the bottom face of the support. The residual stresses in the created part are calculated from strain and temperature variations when the fused layer is consolidating during the cooling between two layers. Process parameters like the powder thickness or the cooling time between successive layers are studied in this paper.
Selective laser melting (SLM) first developed for rapid prototyping (RP) is now used for rapid manufacturing of parts with inner complex shapes that cannot be made by more conventional routes. For example, production of injection moulds with cooling channels is of special interest. In this paper, a numerical model of SLM process was investigated to simulate the genesis of residual stresses. The proposed numerical modelling is based upon a double meshing with a multi-step birth and death technique of manufactured part. The influence of the mesh size is analysed with element as small as the powder layer thickness for 2D and 3D geometries of simple parts. Comparisons between plane stress, plane strain, and 3D analysis are presented in order to propose a simplified approach.
We derive an exact formula for the complex frequency in spatio-temporal stability analysis that is valid for arbitrary complex wave numbers. The usefulness of the formula lies in the fact that it depends only on purely temporal quantities, which are easily calculated. We apply the formula to two model dispersion relations: the linearized complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, and a model of wake instability. In the first case, a quadratic truncation of the exact formula applies; in the second, the same quadratic truncation yields an estimate of the parameter values at which the transition to absolute instability occurs; the error in the estimate decreases upon increasing the order of the truncation. We outline ways in which the formula can be used to characterize stability results obtained from purely numerical calculations, and point to a further application in global stability analyses.
Instruments for surface missions to extraterrestrial bodies should be cross-calibrated using a common suite of relevant materials. Such work is necessary to improve instrument performance and aids in the interpretation of in-situ measurements. At the CNRS campus in Orléans, the Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC) has created a collection of well-characterised rocks and minerals for testing and calibrating instruments to be flown in space missions. The characteristics of the analogue materials are documented in an accompanying online database. In view of the recent and upcoming rover missions to Mars (NASA's 2011 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) and ESA/Roscosmos' 2018 ExoMars), we are concentrating initially on materials of direct relevance to the red planet. The initial collection consists of 15 well-studied rock and mineral samples, including a variety of basalts (ultramafic, weathered, silicified, primitive), sediments (volcanic sands, chert, and a banded iron formation -BIF-), and the phyllosilicate nontronite (a clay). All the samples were characterised petrographically, petrologically, and geochemically using the types of analyses likely to be performed during in-situ missions, in particular ExoMars: hand specimen description; optical microscopy; mineralogical analysis by XRD, Raman and IR spectrometry; iron phase analysis by Mössbauer spectroscopy (MBS), elemental analysis by Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), microprobe, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS); and reduced carbon analysis by Raman spectrometry.
This Thesis presents the results of a study of the "High Zagros", the most internal part of the Zagros-Fold-Thrust-Belt (ZFTB). On map view, the High Zagros is exposed in two separated domains (Western and Eastern High Zagros respectively) and partly hidden as an under-plated region beneath the Sanandaj-Sirjan Domain. The High Zagros is the only place in the ZFTB where the Paleozoic rocks are widely exposed.A primary objective was to reevaluate the structural style and kinematic evolution of the High Zagros. It is shown that the most significant geological elements within this area are large scale faulted detachment folds, associated with a complex system of thrust faults segmented by strike-slip faults. This work suggests that the existence of active Ordovician and/or Silurian décollements led to the development of duplex structures which are confined in the core of the anticlines. A two-step kinematic scenario, similar to the one already proposed elsewhere in the belt, is proposed for the High Zagros. Firstly, a thin-skinned phase led to establish detachment folding over the basal Hormuz salt. Then, a thick-skinned phase resulted in the basement thrusting and allowed the exhumation of Lower Paleozoic succession.After this presentation of the tectonic context of the High Zagros, the thesis focuses on the tectonic significance of the pre-Permian unconformity, which was known through a major hiatus between Cambro-Ordovicien to Early Permian and between Devonian to Permian rocks in the western and eastern High Zagros respectively. It is shown that (1) the High Zagros presents below the unconformity a large "Arch-and-Basin" geometry; and that (2) only extensional features such as normal faults and rotated blocks, without evidence of contractional deformation, can be observed below the unconformity. Thermal uplift of possible Late Devonian is proposed as a probable mechanism explaining both the uplift and the diffuse extensional deformation. This proposal strongly modifies the "classical" interpretation of the pre-Permian hiatus as a far effect of the Variscan Orogeny.Thermal modeling based on maturity data from potential source rocks cropping out in the High Zagros has been performed. The most probable modeled scenario suggests an important heat flow during the Devonian and the erosion of ~3900m of the sedimentary pile prior to the deposition of Permian sequence. This outcome reinforces our interpretation of a thermal uplift scenario responsible for pre-Permian vertical movements. On the other hand, a set of new (U-Th)/He ages obtained from the Lower Paleozoic, Devonian and early Permian clastic rocks show a partial reset of zircon grains. These two results are fairly consistent with the published data describing a major thermo-tectonic event during Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous in the Levant Arch (Israel, Jordan) and suggest a common mechanism at the scale of the Arabian Plate.
Self-potential (SP) data are of interest to vadose zone hydrology because of their direct sensitivity to water flow and ionic transport. There is unfortunately little consensus in the literature about how to best model SP data under partially saturated conditions and different approaches (often supported by one laboratory data set alone) have been proposed. We argue herein that this lack of agreement can largely be traced to electrode effects that have not been properly taken into account. A series of drainage and imbibition experiments are considered, in which we find that previously proposed approaches to remove electrode effects are unlikely to provide adequate corrections. Instead, we explicitly model the electrode effects together with classical SP contributions using a flow and transport model. The simulated data agree overall with the observed SP signals and allow decomposing the different signal contributions to analyze them separately. By reviewing other published experimental data, we suggest that most of them include electrode effects that have not been properly taken into account. Our results suggest that previously presented SP theory works well when considering the modeling uncertainties presently associated with electrode effects. Additional work is warranted to not only develop suitable electrodes for laboratory experiments, but also to assure that associated electrode effects that appear inevitable in longer-term experiments are predictable, such that they can be incorporated in the modeling framework.
An improved Lozi function with alternate coefficients has been proposed. The modifications in the model allow to remove the holes in the attractor which are not desirable, but appeared in the previous Lozi function; in this way, an everywhere dense attractor can be obtained. Moreover, the strong sensitivity to the type of binarisation (conversion of real values to 0 and 1) has been demonstrated; this conversion to binary numbers is instrumental to apply the NIST tests for randomness. The results have been validated and compared via NIST tests, for the different methods of quantization. Finally, is has been verfied that the multi-random properties of the output signal have been improved thanks to the following strategies : under-sampling of the output signal, and the system order increasing. Keywords. Nonlinear dynamical system, ring-coupled map, Lozi function, NIST tests, discrete-time map, dense chaotic attractor, pseudo random number generator 1 I
The extreme characteristics of long wave run-up are studied in this paper. First we give a brief overview of the existing theory which is mainly based on the hodograph transformation (Carrier & Greenspan, 1958). Then, using numerical simulations, we build on the work of Stefanakis et al. (2011) for an infinite sloping beach and we find that resonant run-up amplification of monochromatic waves is robust to spectral perturbations of the incoming wave and resonant regimes do exist for certain values of the frequency. In the setting of a finite beach attached to a constant depth region, resonance can only be observed when the incoming wavelength is larger than the distance from the undisturbed shoreline to the seaward boundary. Wavefront steepness is also found to play a role in wave run-up, with steeper waves reaching higher run-up values.
The water wave theory traditionally assumes the fluid to be perfect, thus neglecting all effects of the viscosity. However, the explanation of several experimental data sets requires the explicit inclusion of dissipative effects. In order to meet these practical problems, the theory of visco-potential flows has been developed (see P.-F. Liu & A. Orfila (2004) and D. Dutykh & F. Dias (2007)). Then, usually this formulation is further simplified by developing the potential in an entire series in the vertical coordinate and by introducing thus, the long wave approximation. In the present study we propose a derivation of dissipative Boussinesq equations which is based on asymptotic expansions of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (D2N) operator. Both employed methods yield the same system by different ways.
Les tâches d'empan de mémoire de travail sont des tâches dans lesquelles des items doivent être maintenus en mémoire à court terme pendant qu'un traitement concurrent est effectué. Le but de la présente étude était de déterminer si, comme le soutient le modèle de partage temporel des ressources (Barrouillet, Bernardin, & Camos, 2004), les traitements gênent le maintien parce que les deux composantes entrent en compétition pour des processus communs ou plus simplement parce que les stratégies de maintien des items à rappeler sont perturbées par l'intrusion de l'information à traiter simultanément. Quatre-vingt sujets adultes étaient soumis à une tâche d'empan où ils devaient maintenir des lettres en même temps qu'ils devaient juger soit de la parité soit de la position spatiale de nombre présentés successivement à l'écran. Par ailleurs, ces nombres apparaissaient à un rythme régulier et donc prévisible ou bien aléatoire. Conformément à nos attentes, et contrairement à l'hypothèse d'une perturbation des stratégies de maintien, les jugements de parité qui nécessitent des récupérations en mémoire entraînaient de plus faibles empans que la tâche spatiale qui ne requiert qu'une sélection de réponse alors que le rythme de réalisation de la tâche secondaire n'avait pas d'effet sur les empans.
The functional organization of the PFC from anterior to posterior regions reflects a hierarchy of cognitive control whereby progressively anterior sub-regions are associated with higher-order control. The present study aimed at providing behavioral evidence for two predictions issuing from this cascade model. First, even the lower-most sub-part of the cognitive control hierarchy, i.e. motor programming, should interfere with higher controlled processes such as maintenance in working memory. Second, this effect should be commensurate with the time during which control is required. In a computer-paced complex span task, adults had to maintain letters while they performed a secondary task. The demand imposed by this task was manipulated either at the selection or at the motor programming stage of response preparation. Results revealed that both manipulations have a disruptive effect on verbal memory, and that this effect is commensurate with the extra-time during which response selection and motor programming require cognitive control.
Memorizing is crucial for human beings because it constitutes the fundamental step in acquiring knowledge. Among the different memory systems, the one called "working memory" works continuously to simultaneously memorize and process information. It is particularly important in children who are continually confronted to learning situations. It has long been considered that memorizing required verbalizing and repeating. The present paper offers an alternative conception: working memory relies on attentional mechanisms constrained by time and do not depend on verbal characteristics. The empirical analyses we present here do not only conduct to important theoretical conclusions, they also give a glimpse of practical applications for preventing school failure.
Compte tenu de la vulnérabilité de la population rurale de la région sahélienne aux aléas pluviométriques, et devant les ambitions de certains acteurs d'utiliser le levier de l'usage des terres pour contribuer à l'atténuation du changement climatique, il est important de comprendre les facteurs contribuant à la variabilité de la couverture végétale au Sahel.Une synthèse de la littérature expliquant l'évolution récente de la végétation au Sahel est donc d'abord présentée. Les études s'intéressant au paradigme qui souligne l'impact de l'usage des terres sur les précipitations en Afrique de l'Ouest évaluent principalement ces effets par le couplage de modèles dynamiques globaux de végétation - DGVM - avec des modèles de circulation générale. C'est à l'amélioration d'un tel DGVM, ORCHIDEE, développé à l'Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, que le reste du travail cherche à contribuer.Comme d'autres études ont montré qu'il était possible d'utiliser en première approximation les steppes pâturées et les jachères pour décrire le comportement global de la surface sahélienne, les écarts entre modèle et mesures sont caractérisés pour une jachère située à proximité de Wankama (Niger). Plus précisément, les forces et faiblesses de la paramétrisation et de la structure par défaut du modèle sont diagnostiqués, et l'importance de la réduction d'erreur permise par l'optimisation de certains des paramètres est donnée. En particulier, l'emploi d'une résolution aux différences finies de la diffusion de l'eau dans la colonne de sol est évalué, dans la mesure où cela permet de mieux simuler la réponse rapide du flux évaporatoire aux événements pluvieux que le schéma conceptuel utilisé par défaut dans ORCHIDEE.Le réalisme du modèle est également mesuré à l'échelle régionale, par la comparaison d'observations de NDVI GIMMS_3G à la couverture végétale simulée par le modèle en réponse à différents forçages climatiques . Si les modifications introduites au cours du travail ne permettent pas de mieux décrire les tendances de la végétation au cours des dernières décennies, tirer partie des leçons du présent travail pourra se révéler utile. Il en est de même des conclusions de l'étude de la transitivité des biais conditionnels du modèle réalisée avec Tao Wang et présentée en annexe B.
La sécurité sanitaire pour les fruits et légumes frais est depuis une vingtaine d’années une préoccupation majeure pour les consommateurs et les gouvernements, notamment ceux du Nord de l’Europe. Notre étude s’intéresse au contrôle de la sécurité sanitaire pour les filières de légumes frais. Elle précise notamment comment s’organisent ces filières pour se conformer aux standards privés de la grande distribution et ainsi pouvoir accéder aux marchés d’exportation et aux marchés nationaux dits modernes. La plupart des travaux traitant de l’adoption de référentiels certifiés de bonnes pratiques agricoles ou de techniques de protection intégrée ne prennent pas en compte l’organisation de la filière et les interactions entre les acteurs de cette filière. Pour pallier ce manque, l’article analyse l’influence des relations verticales en se basant sur la Théorie des Coûts de Transaction. Plus précisément, on considère les incitations et les procédures de gestion mises en ½oeuvre par les stations de conditionnement pour contrôler les producteurs et gérer le risque lié aux pesticides. Deux enquêtes ont été réalisées dans la région du Souss-Massa-Draâ au Maroc. La première considère trente stations spécialisées en tomate. Elle fournit des résultats contrastés quant à l’hypothèse selon laquelle, plus la filière est intégrée et plus le contrôle est réalisé à travers une supervision directe, et moins à travers la mise en ½uvre d’un système incitatif. La seconde enquête considère 86 producteurs. Elle confirme que les filières les plus intégrées sont les plus efficaces en termes de protection des investissements spécifiques dans la production raisonnée. L’adoption de la lutte biologique et des référentiels de bonnes pratiques agricoles est ainsi plus importante lorsque les serres sont détenues par des stations privées, plutôt que par des producteurs indépendants des stations. / Fresh produce pesticide safety risk has grown into a major concern of North European consumers and governments for the last twenty years. Our study expands on safety control issues and gives insights into how fresh vegetable chains organize to comply with retail private safety standards and thus get access to export and modern domestic markets. Most studies on the adoption of good agricultural practice certifications and integrated pest management overlook the influence of food chain organization. Building on Transaction Cost Economics, our paper aims to fill this gap by studying the influence of vertical linkages, more precisely the incentives and managerial procedures crafted by packing stations in order to control farmers' behavior and manage the pesticide safety risk. Two surveys have been conducted to that purpose in the Moroccan Souss-Massa-Draâ region. Our first survey of thirty tomato packers provides only mixed results about our first hypothesis: that the more the supply chain is integrated (from contracted growers to full ownership) the more the control of pesticide safety risk is achieved through direct supervision rather than outcome-based incentives. Our second survey of 86 producers confirms that integrated chains are more efficient in safeguarding specific investments in safety management, which results in greater diffusion of biocontrol and good agricultural practice certification within the greenhouses that are owned by private packers rather than independent farmers.
In Southern France, where most wildfires occur, the fire size has never exceeded 6744 ha since 1991, whereas mega-fires have burned huge areas in other Mediterranean countries such as Spain and Portugal. It was interesting to find out what main factors drove the ignition of the largest fires that had occurred in this region of France. The study was carried out using the forest fires database Prométhée that records all fires occurring in the 15 départements of Southern France since 1973. However, the records preceding 1997 are not reliable, only the 1997–2010 period was investigated. Less than 1% of the fires (N = 260) recorded during this period were equal or larger than 100 ha whereas 78% of the fires were smaller than 1 ha. However these large fires accounted for 78% of the burned area and 66% of these fires occurred during the summer (July–August). The number of large fires and the burned area per year and per département were calculated and the proportions of fires causes were determined. In each département, the impact of different explanatory variables (land-cover, topographic, climatic or socio-economic) on the number of large fires and on the size of the burned area was investigated using multivariate and regression analyses. Results showed that high shrubland and pasture covers, high population and minor road densities as well as dryness in fall to spring were positively linked to the number of large fires whereas high forest cover, ruggedness, wetness in fall to spring were negatively linked to this parameter. High wildland vegetation cover, especially shrubland, wetness in fall–winter, dryness in summer during a long period, high unemployment rate and tourism pressure were positively linked to the burned area whereas wetness in summer, high farmland and pasture covers and high population density were negatively linked to this parameter. However, only shrubland cover and ruggedness were significant descriptors of both fire occurrence and burned area. The départements the most affected by such fires were those situated in the eastern part of the region, on the Mediterranean coast and the main fire cause was arson
Energy security, sustainable development and mutual benefits are the three keywords of the longstanding EU-Africa cooperation in the field of energy. Because of its huge energy reserves and its green energy potential, the African continent constitutes an area that cannot be underestimated by the European Union. This article aims at identify the legal framework created by the EU-Africa energy cooperation and to assess its value for public and private businesses.
This paper proposes a new formulation of the theory of social norms. The theoretical model explores the interrelation between individuals' income, time-use and consumption decisions on the one hand, and the determinants of their decision to conform or not to social norms on the other. It is shown that rational consumers will obey inefficient social norms, which in turn will slow economic development. An empirical test of the model is performed for different categories of countries using a voluminous cross-country micro dataset. The results yield the gain and the cost of disobeying inefficient social norms, the latter of which can be used as a freedom indicator regarding social pressure.
We extend Galor and Weil (2000) by including geographical factors in order to show that under some initial conditions, an economy may be locked in Malthusian stagnation and never take off. Specifically, we characterize the set of geographical factors for which this happens, and this way we show how the interplay of the available "land", its suitability for living, and its degree of isolation, determines whether an economy can escape stagnation.
Super-resolution (SR) aims at combining a number of aliased images of the same scene into a higher resolution image by using the difference in sampling caused by camera motion. As the problem of SR is generally ill-posed, techniques developed in the literature often rely on hypotheses on the regularity of the image. In this paper, we try to minimize these assumptions for the interpolation part of super-resolution. We describe situations where super-resolution interpolation is invertible and/or well conditioned. We first study the interpolation problem for large numbers of images when motions are pure translations. Then, we look at the more generic problem of super-resolution interpolation with translations and rotations. We give a simple condition on the number of images and zoom factor for perfect recovery of the high resolution image. We also study the conditioning in the critical case and propose regularization methods which adapts to local sampling variations. Thus, we avoid the generation of artifacts when the acquired data is noisy.
The selective laser melting process (SLM), belonging to the family of additive manufacturing processes, can create complex geometry parts from a CAD file. Previously, only prototypes were created by SLM, but now this process is used to manufacture quickly and directly functional parts. For example, in the PEP (Centre Technique de la Plasturgie), this process is used to manufacture tooling parts or injection molds with cooling channels that can't be obtained by conventional routes. During the process, the laser beam generates violent heating and cooling cycles in the material inducing important thermal gradients in the consolidated part. The cyclic thermal expansions and contractions exceeding the maximum elastic strain of the material induce heterogeneous plastic strains and generate internal stresses the level of which can reaches the yield stress of the material and cracks may appear during the process. This paper deals with the measurement and analysis of residual stresses during the selective laser melting of a simple part in maraging steel. The objective of this study is the analysis of experimental results to validate the numerical model previously presented in [1]. A new method is proposed to evaluate the residual stresses induced during the SLM process, a rosette is fixed on the bottom face of the support. The residual stresses in the created part are calculated from strain and temperature variations when the fused layer is consolidating during the cooling between two layers. Process parameters like the powder thickness or the cooling time between successive layers are studied in this paper.
Selective laser melting (SLM) first developed for rapid prototyping (RP) is now used for rapid manufacturing of parts with inner complex shapes that cannot be made by more conventional routes. For example, production of injection moulds with cooling channels is of special interest. In this paper, a numerical model of SLM process was investigated to simulate the genesis of residual stresses. The proposed numerical modelling is based upon a double meshing with a multi-step birth and death technique of manufactured part. The influence of the mesh size is analysed with element as small as the powder layer thickness for 2D and 3D geometries of simple parts. Comparisons between plane stress, plane strain, and 3D analysis are presented in order to propose a simplified approach.
Fine and ultrafine metallic particulatematters (PMs) are emitted frommetallurgic activities in peri-urban zones into the atmosphere and can be deposited in terrestrial ecosystems. The foliar transfer ofmetals andmetalloids and their fate in plant leaves remain unclear, although this way of penetration may be a major contributor to the transfer of metals into plants. This study focused on the foliar uptake of various metals and metalloids from enriched PM(Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb, As, and especially lead (Pb)) resulting fromthe emissions of a battery-recycling factory.Metal and metalloid foliar uptake by various vegetable species, exhibiting different morphologies, use (food or fodder) and life-cycle (lettuce, parsley and rye-grass) were studied. The mechanisms involved in foliar metal transfer from atmospheric particulate matter fallout, using lead (Pb) as a model element was also investigated. Several complementary techniques (micro-X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) were used to investigate the localization and the speciation of lead in their edible parts, i.e. leaves. The results showed lead-enriched PM on the surface of plant leaves. Biogeochemical transformations occurred on the leaf surfaces with the formation of lead secondary species (PbCO3 and organic Pb). Some compounds were internalized in their primary form (PbSO4) underneath an organic layer. Internalization through the cuticle or penetration through stomata openings are proposed as two major mechanisms involved in foliar uptake of particulate matter.
Le glaucome primitif à angle ouvert est une neuropathie optique rétinienne dont le premier facteur de risque, l'hypertonie intraoculaire, est causé par une dégénérescence du trabéculum dont les mécanismes demeurent inconnus. Ainsi, les traitements actuels ne ciblent pas la trabéculopathie originelle, ce qui pourrait expliquer leur inefficacité parfois observée. En outre, ces traitements contiennent un conservateur, le chlorure de benzalkonium (BAC), qui est responsable d'une inflammation iatrogène de la surface oculaire mise en cause dans l'inobservance thérapeutique. Les chimiokines, cytokines initialement décrites du fait de leurs propriétés chimioattractantes, sont également impliquées dans le contrôle de la viabilité cellulaire et du microenvironnement tissulaire. Dans cette thèse, nous démontrons l'existence d'une balance au niveau trabéculaire entre le système CXCL12/CXCR4 aux effets protecteurs et le système SDF-1(5-67)/CXCR3 proapoptotique. Nous rapportons de façon originale que l'utilisation in vivo d'un antagoniste non-peptidique spécifique de CXCR3 diminue la pression intraoculaire en restaurant la fonction trabéculaire dans un modèle animal de glaucome. En parallèle, nous révélons que les cellules épithéliales conjonctivales exposées au BAC attirent certaines populations leucocytaires via CX3CL1/CX3CR1, montrant ainsi que ce système est impliqué dans le trafic immunitaire au sein de la surface oculaire. De façon originale, les chimiokines apparaissent comme un système inédit de régulation de l'environnement trabéculaire et de la surface oculaire, constituant ainsi de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques spécifiques
Les myopathies inflammatoires sont un groupe de myopathies acquises caractérisées par une atteinte musculaire auto-immune. Une sous population lymphocytaire T, appelée les lymphocytes T régulateurs (Treg), joue un rôle déterminant dans la tolérance périphérique aux antigènes du soi. Dans ce travail, nous avons voulu étudier les Treg au cours des myosites afin de tenter d‟en éclaircir la physiopathologie et de dévélopper de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis au point un modèle murin de myopathie inflammatoire auto-immune. Dans ce modèle nous avons pu observer que la déplétion des Treg aggravait la myosite et qu‟à l‟inverse le transfert de Treg en diminuait la sévérité. D'autre nous avons pu observer l‟effet bénéfique de la rapamycine sur la sévérité de la myosite en permettant en particulier d‟augmenter le pourcentage de Treg. Dans un second temps nous avons étudié les Treg aux cours d‟une myosite dépourvue de traitement la myosite à inclusions (MI). Nous avons pu observer qu‟il existait un déficit en Treg dans le compartiment sanguin alors même qu‟il existait une activation Th1 du système immunitaire. L‟ensemble de ces observations nous a conduit à envisager l‟utilisation de la rapamycine au cours de la myosite à inclusions.Dans cette optique, nous avons cherché à definir quel pouvait être le meilleur marqueur de suivi de la maladie afin d‟évaluer l‟efficacité du traitement. L‟étude que nous avons menée a permis de montrer que la mesure de la force maximale isométrique des extenseurs du genou était un bon marqueur évolutif de la maladie. Ainsi, ensemble ces données permet d‟envisager la mise au point d‟un essai thérapeutique avec la rapamycine au cours de la MI.
We consider supervised learning problems within the positive-definite kernel framework, such as kernel ridge regression, kernel logistic regression or the support vector machine. With kernels leading to infinite-dimensional feature spaces, a common practical limiting difficulty is the necessity of computing the kernel matrix, which most frequently leads to algorithms with running time at least quadratic in the number of observations n, i.e., O(n^2). Low-rank approximations of the kernel matrix are often considered as they allow the reduction of running time complexities to O(p^2 n), where p is the rank of the approximation. The practicality of such methods thus depends on the required rank p. In this paper, we show that in the context of kernel ridge regression, for approximations based on a random subset of columns of the original kernel matrix, the rank p may be chosen to be linear in the degrees of freedom associated with the problem, a quantity which is classically used in the statistical analysis of such methods, and is often seen as the implicit number of parameters of non-parametric estimators. This result enables simple algorithms that have sub-quadratic running time complexity, but provably exhibit the same predictive performance than existing algorithms, for any given problem instance, and not only for worst-case situations.
To take account of the uncertainties introduced on the soft magnetic materials properties (magnetic behavior law, iron losses) during the manufacturing process, the present work deals with the stochastic modeling of the magnetic behavior law B-H and iron losses of claw pole stator generator. Twenty eight (28) samples of slinky stator (SS) coming from the same production chain have been investigated. The used approaches are similar to those used in mechanics. The accuracy of existing anhysteretic models has been tested first using cross validation techniques. The well known iron loss separation model has been implemented to take into account the variability of the losses. Then, the Multivariate Gaussian distribution is chosen to model the variability and dependencies between identified parameters, for both behavior law and iron loss models. The developed stochastic models allow predicting a 98% confidence interval for the considered samples
Using an approach recently developed by Nourdin and Poly, we improve the rate in an inequality for the total variation distance between two double Wiener-Itô integrals originally due to Davydov and Martynova. An application to the rate of convergence of a functional of a correlated two-dimensional fractional Brownian motion towards the Rosenblatt random variable is then given, following a previous study by Maejima and Tudor.
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