Contamination by moulds of Slovakia Grape Berries in Slovakia
Résumé
This work describes the first map, albeit partial, of toxigenic fungi re-isolated from grape berries collected in three out of the six most important Slovakia wine making areas in two different periods of the vegetative year 2008. Low temperatures and high relative humidity during July 2008 favoured the development of grapes fungal diseases that cause rots such as Plasmopara, Uncinula, Botrytis, Metasphaeria, Elsinoë, and Saccharomycetes. In the analysed samples, the following generanus of toxigenic fungi were identified in the range 1-4%: Aspergillus, Alternaria Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Ulocladium, and Trichoderma Trichothecium while the generanus Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium, and Penicillium were in the range 11-29%. A. niger, A. carbonarius, some strains of A. carbonarius - with "crystals", and strains of A. uvarum-uniseriate, were identified;: these species are considered ochratoxigenic, (able to produce variable amounts of toxins). In addition a non ochratoxigenic strain of A. ibericus and a Fusarium strain able to biosynthetize small amount of fumonisins, beauvericin, and enniatins was identified. P. expansum, able to produce citrinin, represents the 29.7%, of the Penicillium genus together with P. verrucosum, P. glabrum, P. citrinum, and P. crustosum. An analysis for the identification and quantification of main toxins was done: ochratoxin A, fumonisins, beauvericin, enniatins, and fusaproliferin was performed on grape the samples; it and is consistent with the results of the mycological analysis. Toxigenic fungi should be checked throughout mapped during the years and their occurrence compared in comparison with all environmental factors given to help avoiding risks for people health to avoid health risks.
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