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HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemiation of scientific research papers, whether they are published or not, and for PhD dissertation. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

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The phytohormone auxin is known to regulate several aspects of plant development and Aux/IAA transcription factors play a pivotal role in auxin signaling. To further extend our understanding of the multiple functions of Aux/IAAs, the present study describes the functional characterization of Sl-IAA27, a member of the tomato Aux/IAA gene family. Sl-IAA27 displays a distinct behavior compared to most Aux/IAA regarding the regulation of its expression by auxin and the Sl-IAA27 encoded protein harbors a unique motif of unknown function also present in Sl-IAA9 and remarkably conserved in monocot and dicot species. Tomato transgenic plants under-expressing the Sl-IAA27 gene revealed multiple phenotypes related to vegetative and reproductive growth. Silencing of Sl-IAA27 results in higher auxin sensitivity, altered root development and reduced chlorophyll content in leaves. Both ovule and pollen display dramatic loss of fertility in Sl-IAA27 down-regulated lines and the internal anatomy of the flower and the fruit are modified with enlarged placenta in smaller fruits. In line with the reduced chlorophyll content in Sl-IAA27 RNAi leaves, genes involved in chlorophyll synthesis display lower expression at the level of transcript accumulation. Even though Sl-IAA27 is closely related to Sl-IAA9 in terms of sequence homology and the encoded proteins share common structural features, the data indicate that the two genes regulate tomato fruit initiation and development in a distinct manner.
The paper proposes an observability analysis and estimation schemes for specific growth rates and biomass concentrations of the anaerobic digestion process. A 3-stage model of 5 dynamic states is assumed, describing the hydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis of two different populations of microorganisms (acidogenic and methanogenic). The main result is that the specific growth rates of the two populations of bacteria can be stability estimated only from easily measured quantities -- the dilution rate and the flow rates of methane and carbon dioxide in the biogas. The estimation schemes thus obtained have quite interesting features one of which is their freeness of most yield coefficients often hard to identify. The analysis rests on the differential algebraic approach of observation problems. The results are currently being confronted to experimental data from a 100m3 pilot bioreactor fed with cattle dung. Realistic simulations are presented in this paper as illustrations of the estimator performance.
Les fièvres hémorragiques à virus Lassa (LASV) et Ebola (EBOV) représentent un important problème de santé publique en Afrique. Les réponses immunes et la pathogenèse associées à ces maladies sont peu connues. Les cellules NK ont un rôle important dans la réponse immune innée par leurs propriétés cytotoxiques, mais également dans l'induction des réponses adaptatives par leur production de cytokines et leurs interactions avec les cellules dendritiques (DC) et les macrophages. Ce projet s'attache à comprendre le rôle des cellules NK dans le contrôle de la réplication virale et dans l'induction des réponses immunitaires au cours de ces infections. Un modèle in vitro de coculture de cellules NK humaines avec des DC et macrophages autologues a été développé. L'activation des cellules NK et leurs fonctions ont été analysées après l'infection par LASV et EBOV. Par ailleurs, les réponses des cellules NK en réponse à LASV ont été comparées avec celles induites lors de l'infection par le virus Mopeia (MOPV), très proche de LASV mais non pathogène pour l'homme. Les macrophages, mais pas les DC, infectés par LASV ou MOPV induisent l'activation et l'augmentation des capacités cytotoxiques des cellules NK. Toutefois, les cellules NK ne sont pas capables de lyser les cellules infectées et ne produisent pas d'IFN-γ. Les cellules NK s'activent et sont capables de lyser les cellules infectées en présence de macrophages mais également de DC infectés par des LASV mutants. Cependant, les IFN de type I sécrétés en grande quantité en réponse à ces virus ne sont pas impliqués dans l'activation des cellules NK. L'infection par EBOV n'induit qu'une très faible activation des cellules NK en présence de DC ou macrophages et ne conduit pas à la sécrétion de cytokines, ni à la modification du potentiel cytotoxique.Ces résultats permettent d'améliorer la compréhension des réponses immunes et des mécanismes de pathogenèse mis en place lors des fièvres hémorragiques Lassa et Ebola.
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